Impacts of Climate Variation and Catchment Area on Water Balance and Lake Hydrologic Type in Groundwater-Dominated Systems: A Generic Lake Model

Lakes are a major geologic feature in humid regions, and multiple lake hydrologic types exist with varying physical and chemical characteristics, connections among lakes, and relationships to the landscape. The authors developed a model of water fluxes through major components of groundwater-dominated lake catchments in a region containing thousands of lakes, the Northern Highland Lake District (NHLD) of northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The model was calibrated with data from widely differing lakes using the same set of simple equations to represent the hydrologic type, water residence time, and amount and timing of stream and groundwater flows of representative lakes in today's climate. The authors investigated the sensitivity of the water balance of a set of three connected

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