A structured approach to improving organisational knowledge, business processes and management systems

In a commercial environment that is ever changing, organisations have to constantly adapt to remain competitive. To ensure the benefits of change are achieved a coherent and structured approach to implementing change is essential, as disconnected initiatives often fail. This thesis presents a series of eight continuous improvement projects undertaken by a leading engineering design consultancy. The projects use a range of process management and knowledge management techniques to improve specific aspects of the sponsor’s business, in particular how it manages its organisational knowledge, business processes and management systems. To better understand the strengths and weakness of process and knowledge management techniques, in order to see how they can be combined, the techniques are first applied separately on six projects. Based on the lessons learnt from these projects, key aspects of the process and knowledge management techniques used are then combined to create two robust business solutions that have the potential to significantly benefit the sponsor’s business. In developing and implementing the solutions, to the eight specific business issues covered in this thesis, a number of key issues relating to the architecture of successful systems and the organisational change management process involved with implementing these systems are captured. These key points are summarised into recommendations focused at both academic and commercial organisations.

[1]  Michael Gebauer,et al.  Information systems on human capital in service sector organizations , 2003 .

[2]  Richard V. McCarthy,et al.  Knowledge management and the competitive strategy of the firm , 2006 .

[3]  W. B. Ledbetter,et al.  Causes of Quality Deviations in Design and Construction , 1992 .

[4]  Miroslaw J. Skibniewski,et al.  Object-oriented modeling of construction processes by unified modeling language , 2004 .

[5]  Patricia M. Carrillo Managing knowledge: a North American perspective , 2004 .

[6]  M. Baker Business and Management Research: How to Complete Your Research Project Successfully Westburn Publishers: Helensburgh, Scotland (2003) , 2003 .

[7]  Ghassan Aouad,et al.  Technology management of IT in construction: a driver or an enabler? , 1999 .

[8]  Ghassan Aouad,et al.  Rethinking construction: the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol , 2000 .

[9]  Matti Vartiainen,et al.  Managing knowledge and knowledge competences in projects and project organisations , 2003 .

[10]  Rolland Nicolas,et al.  Knowledge management impacts on decision making process , 2004, J. Knowl. Manag..

[11]  A. Sohal,et al.  RESISTANCE: A CONSTRUCTIVE TOOL FOR CHANGE , 1998 .

[12]  Sally Dench Changing skill needs: what makes people employable? , 1997 .

[13]  Nancy M. Lorenzi,et al.  Review Paper: Managing Change: An Overview , 2000, J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc..

[14]  Stanley Goldberg,et al.  Discovering: Inventing and Solving Problems at the Frontiers of Scientific Knowledge , 1997 .

[15]  Andreas Riege,et al.  Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider , 2005, J. Knowl. Manag..

[16]  S. Renukappa,et al.  Knowledge management for sustainable competitiveness in small and medium surveying practices , 2005 .

[17]  Alton Yeow-Kuan Chua,et al.  Why KM projects fail: a multi-case analysis , 2005, J. Knowl. Manag..

[18]  Jacqueline Glass,et al.  A knowledge-capture report for multidisciplinary design environments , 2005, J. Knowl. Manag..

[19]  Robert Damelio,et al.  The Basics of Process Mapping , 1996 .

[20]  Kenneth L. Modesitt Basic Principles and Techniques in Knowledge Acquisition , 1992 .

[21]  Paul Chinowsky,et al.  Exploiting Knowledge Management: The Engineering and Construction Perspective , 2006 .

[22]  Jacqueline Glass,et al.  Use of process maps to develop a management briefing sheet for a design consultancy , 2005 .

[23]  David E. Avison,et al.  Controlling action research projects , 2001, Inf. Technol. People.

[24]  Elaine Aspinwall,et al.  An empirical study of the important factors for knowledge-management adoption in the SME sector , 2005, J. Knowl. Manag..

[25]  Robert D. Smith,et al.  Managing organizational knowledge as a strategic asset , 2001, J. Knowl. Manag..

[26]  Victor Oltra,et al.  Knowledge management effectiveness factors: the role of HRM , 2005, J. Knowl. Manag..

[27]  David Lei,et al.  Competence-building, technology fusion and competitive advantage : the key roles of organisational learning and strategic alliances , 1997 .

[28]  Martin Sexton,et al.  Process models implementation in the construction industry: a literature synthesis , 2005 .

[29]  Andrew N. Baldwin,et al.  Integrating design in the project process , 2000 .

[30]  Thomas H. Davenport,et al.  Book review:Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Thomas H. Davenport and Laurence Prusak. Harvard Business School Press, 1998. $29.95US. ISBN 0‐87584‐655‐6 , 1998 .

[31]  J. Fairclough,et al.  RETHINKING CONSTRUCTION INNOVATION AND RESEARCH - A REVIEW OF THE GOVERNMENT'S R&D POLICIES AND PRACTICES , 2002 .

[32]  Elizabeth Barber,et al.  Benchmarking the management of projects: a review of current thinking , 2004 .

[33]  A. Akintoye,et al.  UK construction skills shortage response strategies and an analysis of industry perceptions , 2000 .

[34]  Jacky Swan,et al.  Case studies in knowledge management , 1999 .

[35]  Patrick S. W. Fong,et al.  Knowledge creation in multidisciplinary project teams: an empirical study of the processes and their dynamic interrelationships , 2003 .

[36]  Ariane Hegewisch,et al.  Between hard and soft HRM: human resource management in the construction industry , 1996 .

[37]  Ghassan Aouad,et al.  A Generic Guide to the Design and Construction: Process Protocol , 1998 .

[38]  A. Odlyzko The History of Communications and its Implications for the Internet , 2000 .

[39]  Francis Tekyi Edum-Fotwe,et al.  Developing project management competency: perspectives from the construction industry , 2000 .

[40]  S. Kvale Interviews : an introduction to qualitative research interviewing , 1996 .

[41]  D. Leonard-Barton,et al.  Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation , 1995 .

[42]  David Malone,et al.  Knowledge management: A model for organizational learning , 2002, Int. J. Account. Inf. Syst..

[43]  Ronald P. Anjard Process mapping: one of three, new, special quality tools for management, quality and all other professionals , 1996 .

[44]  Turan Ceran,et al.  THE COMPLETE PROJECT MANAGER , 1995 .

[45]  Geoff Conroy,et al.  ConSERV, a methodology for managing multi-disciplinary engineering design projects , 1997 .

[46]  Ahn-Sook Hwang,et al.  Training strategies in the management of knowledge , 2003, J. Knowl. Manag..

[47]  Marianne W. Lewis Iterative triangulation: a theory development process using existing case studies , 1998 .

[48]  Q. Leiper,et al.  A COMPETENCY-BASED SYSTEM FOR ASSESSMENT, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERS. , 1999 .

[49]  John D. Gilleard,et al.  Collaborative design: a process model for refurbishment , 2002 .

[50]  Adeline du Toit,et al.  Establishing a knowledge management programme for competitive advantage in an enterprise , 2001, Int. J. Inf. Manag..

[51]  A. Bryman Social Research Methods , 2001 .

[52]  V. Daniel Hunt,et al.  Process Mapping: How to Reengineer Your Business Processes , 1996 .

[53]  D. Morgan Focus groups for qualitative research. , 1988, Hospital guest relations report.

[54]  Peter E.D. Love,et al.  Quantifying the causes and costs of rework in construction , 2000 .

[55]  Yacine Rezgui,et al.  Advanced electronic document management solutions for the construction industry: the CONDOR project , 1998 .

[56]  R. Grant Chapter 8 – Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration , 1999 .

[57]  Jan Karlsen,et al.  Action Research as Method: Reflections from a Program for Developing Methods and Competence , 1991 .

[58]  Jon-Arild Johannessen,et al.  Knowledge management and sustainable competitive advantages: The impact of dynamic contextual training , 2003, Int. J. Inf. Manag..

[59]  Joseph A. Raelin,et al.  A Model of Work-Based Learning , 1997 .

[60]  Sven Modell,et al.  Triangulation between case study and survey methods in management accounting research: An assessment of validity implications , 2005 .

[61]  Stephen Ison,et al.  Bridging the skills gap: a regionally driven strategy for resolving the construction labour market crisis , 2004 .

[62]  V. Karhu Proposed New Method for Construction Process Modelling , 2000 .

[63]  Jacqueline Glass,et al.  Developing a framework to measure organizational and employee skills development in a professional engineering design consultancy , 2005 .

[64]  James P. Womack,et al.  Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation , 1996 .

[65]  T. Buzan,et al.  The Mind Map Book , 1993 .

[66]  C. Prahalad,et al.  The core competence of the corporation’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. pp. . , 1990 .

[67]  K. Lewin Action Research and Minority Problems , 1946 .

[68]  Roger Atkinson,et al.  Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria , 1999 .

[69]  Ernest T. Stringer Action research : a handbook for practitioners , 1996 .

[70]  Dale Christenson,et al.  Knowledge wisdom and networks: a project management centre of excellence example , 2005 .

[71]  野中 郁次郎,et al.  The Knowledge-Creating Company: How , 1995 .

[72]  Ghassan Aouad,et al.  An IT Map for a generic design and construction process protocol , 1998 .

[73]  Ammon Salter,et al.  Sources of ideas for innovation in engineering design , 2003 .

[74]  Chimay J. Anumba,et al.  Knowledge management practices in large construction organisations , 2005 .

[75]  A. Dainty,et al.  The construction labour market skills crisis: the perspective of small–medium‐sized firms , 2005 .

[76]  Andrew N. Baldwin,et al.  Analytical design planning technique: a model of the detailed building design process , 1999 .

[77]  Mark L. Homer,et al.  Skills and competency management , 2001 .

[78]  W. Edward Back,et al.  Improving the design process with information management , 2000 .

[79]  Mustafa Alshawi,et al.  Distributed Object Environment: Using International Standards for Data Exchange in the Construction Industry , 1999 .

[80]  C. Samuel Craig,et al.  Responding to the challenges of global markets: Change, complexity, competition and conscience , 1996 .

[81]  Graham Winch,et al.  Processes, maps and protocols: Understanding the shape of the construction process , 2001 .

[82]  Andrew D.F. Price,et al.  The strategy process within large construction orgnisations , 2003 .

[83]  Michael Armstrong,et al.  A handbook of personnel management practice , 1977 .

[84]  I. Nonaka,et al.  The Knowledge Creating Company , 2008 .

[85]  Atefeh Sadri McCampbell,et al.  Knowledge management: the new challenge for the 21st century , 1999, J. Knowl. Manag..

[86]  W. Whyte,et al.  Participatory Action Research , 1989 .