Implantable FES Stimulation Systems: What is Needed?

Since their initial development, the performance gains in functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems have been modest. Conceptually, the replacement of normal neural function by artificial electronic systems is attractive, considering the continued technologic advancements in electronics, communication, and control. It is likely that efficacious FES systems will require complete implantation and activation of large numbers of motor units. One approach is to develop a neural interface that has a one‐to‐one relationship between stimulating electrodes and lower motor neurons. While technology may offer solutions to the design of miniaturized implantable stimulators, the high–density neural interface remains more elusive.

[1]  J. N. Langley,et al.  On the suture of separate nerve bundles in a nerve trunk and on internal nerve plexuses , 1917, The Journal of physiology.

[2]  S. B. Brummer,et al.  Activated Ir: An Electrode Suitable for Reversible Charge Injection in Saline Solution , 1983 .

[3]  G Schalow.  The problem of cauda equina nerve root identification. , 1985, Zentralblatt fur Neurochirurgie.

[4]  T M Brushart,et al.  Central course of digital axons within the median nerve of macaca mulatta , 1991, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[5]  W.L.C. Rutten,et al.  Sensitivity and selectivity of intraneural stimulation using a silicon electrode array , 1991, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[6]  K W Horch,et al.  Reading speed with a pixelized vision system. , 1992, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[7]  G. Kovacs,et al.  Regeneration microelectrode array for peripheral nerve recording and stimulation , 1992, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[8]  K. Horch,et al.  Mobility performance with a pixelized vision system , 1992, Vision Research.

[9]  K. Najafi,et al.  Functional regeneration of glossopharyngeal nerve through micromachined sieve electrode arrays , 1992, Brain Research.

[10]  W. Grill,et al.  Selective control of muscle activation with a multipolar nerve cuff electrode , 1993, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[11]  P. Fromherz,et al.  Silicon-Neuron Junction: Capacitive Stimulation of an Individual Neuron on a Silicon Chip. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[12]  Yu-Chong Tai,et al.  A cultured neuron probe , 1996, Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[13]  K. Najafi,et al.  A hermetic glass-silicon micropackage with high-density on-chip feedthroughs for sensors and actuators , 1996 .

[14]  Ulrich Egert,et al.  Novel thin film titanium nitride micro-electrodes with excellent charge transfer capability for cell stimulation and sensing applications , 1996, Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[15]  Enric Cabruja,et al.  Highly doped silicon microtubular electrodes for neural recording , 1996, Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[16]  Thomas Laurell,et al.  Perforated silicon membranes as an artificial neural contact pad-chip design and tissue implant response , 1996, Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[17]  Craig T. Nordhausen,et al.  Single unit recording capabilities of a 100 microelectrode array , 1996, Brain Research.

[18]  Interfacing regenerating peripheral nerves with a micromachined polyimide sieve electrode , 1996, Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[19]  W. Grill,et al.  Quantification of recruitment properties of multiple contact cuff electrodes. , 1996, IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[20]  Nick Donaldson,et al.  Neuroprostheses for leg function after spinal-cord injury , 1997, The Lancet.

[21]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Evidence for a Spinal Central Pattern Generator in Humans a , 1998, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[22]  A. Prochazka,et al.  Spinal Cord Microstimulation Generates Functional Limb Movements in Chronically Implanted Cats , 2000, Experimental Neurology.

[23]  R Riener,et al.  Using Mathematical Models and Advanced Control Systems Techniques to Enhance Neuroprosthesis Function , 2001, Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society.

[24]  M. Ladouceur,et al.  Clinical and Therapeutic Applications of Neuromuscular Stimulation: A Review of Current Use and Speculation into Future Developments , 2001, Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society.