Quantum Calibration of Multi-pixel Photon Counter and Its Application in High-Sensitivity Magnetometry With NV Center Ensemble

In recent years, quantum detector tomography (QDT) is widely used in many fields, such as non-Gaussian states preparation, quantum metrology, quantum communication and so forth. In this paper, we used QDT to completely characterize a photon-number-resolving detector (PNRD) based on a multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) at 650 nm, which operated in continuous wave (CW) mode. Reconstructing the positive operator-valued measure (POVM) accurately by QDT could help us theoretically derived the operation performance of MPPC in quantum sensing with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center ensemble. The reconstruction fidelity of MPPC is larger than 99.94%, which means that QDT is very reliable. Comparing with conventional silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD), the fluorescent contrast of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectrum of NV center ensemble detected by MPPC could be significantly improved. Since its excellent linearity and outstanding photon-number-resolving capability, MPPC could be further used in the DC magnetometry of NV center ensemble. We can infer that the magnetic field sensitivity can be effectively improved by replacing Si-APD with MPPC. Reportedly, this is an extremely rare research on the application of MPPC in NV center magnetometry.

[1]  Ma,et al.  Quantum Calibration of Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors Based on Multi-pixel Photon Counters , 2019, Applied Sciences.

[2]  Maria Bondani,et al.  Optimizing Silicon photomultipliers for Quantum Optics , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[3]  M. Caccia,et al.  Measuring nonclassicality with silicon photomultipliers. , 2018, Optics letters.

[4]  M. Siegel,et al.  Characterization of a Photon-Number Resolving SNSPD Using Poissonian and Sub-Poissonian Light , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[5]  L. Kang,et al.  Readout Circuit Based on Single-Flux-Quantum Logic Circuit for Photon-Number-Resolving SNSPD Array , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[6]  U. Andersen,et al.  Narrow-bandwidth sensing of high-frequency fields with continuous dynamical decoupling , 2017, Nature Communications.

[7]  Kun Huang,et al.  Temporal and spatial multiplexed infrared single-photon counter based on high-speed avalanche photodiode , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[8]  A. Acín,et al.  Simulating Positive-Operator-Valued Measures with Projective Measurements. , 2016, Physical review letters.

[9]  Christine Silberhorn,et al.  Direct calibration of click-counting detectors , 2016, 1611.04779.

[10]  Simon J. Devitt,et al.  Photonic Quantum Networks formed from NV− centers , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[11]  M. Stevens,et al.  A near-infrared 64-pixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector array with integrated multiplexed readout , 2015, Europe Optics + Optoelectronics.

[12]  Heping Zeng,et al.  Laser ranging at few-photon level by photon-number-resolving detection. , 2014, Applied optics.

[13]  J. Rehacek,et al.  Time-multiplexed measurements of nonclassical light at telecom wavelengths , 2014 .

[14]  Konrad Banaszek,et al.  High-fidelity spatially resolved multiphoton counting for quantum imaging applications. , 2014, Optics letters.

[15]  Neil B. Manson,et al.  Perfect alignment and preferential orientation of nitrogen-vacancy centers during chemical vapor deposition diamond growth on (111) surfaces , 2014, 1401.4106.

[16]  J. Tetienne,et al.  Perfect preferential orientation of nitrogen-vacancy defects in a synthetic diamond sample , 2014, 1401.2795.

[17]  Val Zwiller,et al.  Quantum detector tomography of a time-multiplexed superconducting nanowire single-photon detector at telecom wavelengths. , 2013, Optics express.

[18]  David Tyndall,et al.  A High-Throughput Time-Resolved Mini-Silicon Photomultiplier With Embedded Fluorescence Lifetime Estimation in 0.13 $\mu$m CMOS , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[19]  L. Krivitsky,et al.  Crosstalk calibration of multi-pixel photon counters using coherent states. , 2012, Optics express.

[20]  D. Schaart,et al.  A Comprehensive Model to Predict the Timing Resolution of SiPM-Based Scintillation Detectors: Theory and Experimental Validation , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[21]  S. Olivares,et al.  Measuring high-order photon-number correlations in experiments with multimode pulsed quantum states , 2011, 1109.0410.

[22]  Marco Genovese,et al.  Quantum characterization of superconducting photon counters , 2011, 1103.2991.

[23]  J. Roch,et al.  Avoiding power broadening in optically detected magnetic resonance of single NV defects for enhanced dc magnetic field sensitivity , 2011, 1108.0178.

[24]  E Wu,et al.  Photon-number-resolving detection at 1.04 μm by coincidence frequency upconversion , 2011, CLEO: 2011 - Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[25]  P. Guzowski,et al.  Characterization and Simulation of the Response of Multi Pixel Photon Counters to Low Light Levels , 2011, 1101.1996.

[26]  Neil B. Manson,et al.  The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond: the electronic solution , 2010, 1008.5224.

[27]  Yuta Takahashi,et al.  Non-Gaussian operation based on photon subtraction using a photon-number-resolving detector at a telecommunications wavelength , 2010 .

[28]  D. Wolski,et al.  Multi Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC) as an Alternative to APD in PET Applications , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[29]  Marco Ramilli,et al.  Photon-number statistics with silicon photomultipliers , 2009, 0910.4786.

[30]  Jonathan P. Dowling,et al.  Super-resolution at the shot-noise limit with coherent states and photon-number-resolving detectors , 2009, 0907.2382.

[31]  Masahiro Takeoka,et al.  Demonstration of coherent-state discrimination using a displacement-controlled photon-number-resolving detector. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[32]  R. Hadfield.  Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications , 2009 .

[33]  J. Eisert,et al.  Measuring measurement: theory and practice , 2009, 0906.3440.

[34]  Y. Silberberg,et al.  Quantum state measurements using multipixel photon detectors , 2009, 0903.1415.

[35]  Jens Eisert,et al.  Tomography of quantum detectors , 2009 .

[36]  A. Andreoni,et al.  Light statistics by non-calibrated linear photodetectors , 2008, 0810.4026.

[37]  Jacob M. Taylor,et al.  High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution , 2008, 0805.1367.

[38]  K. Sato,et al.  Development of Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) , 2006, 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record.

[39]  Q. Cai,et al.  Photon-number-resolving decoy-state quantum key distribution , 2005, quant-ph/0508099.

[40]  R. Schwall,et al.  Tuning of tungsten thin film superconducting transition temperature for fabrication of photon number resolving detectors , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[41]  J. Meijer,et al.  Generation of single color centers by focused nitrogen implantation , 2005 .

[42]  E. Diamanti,et al.  Direct observation of nonclassical photon statistics in parametric down-conversion. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[43]  M. J. Fitch,et al.  Photon-number resolution using time-multiplexed single-photon detectors , 2003, quant-ph/0305193.

[44]  J. Fiurášek.  Maximum-likelihood estimation of quantum measurement , 2001, quant-ph/0101027.

[45]  Luis L. Sánchez-Soto,et al.  COMPLETE CHARACTERIZATION OF ARBITRARY QUANTUM MEASUREMENT PROCESSES , 1999 .

[46]  G. D’Ariano,et al.  Maximum-likelihood estimation of the density matrix , 1999, quant-ph/9909052.