Modeling Emergent Life Histories of Copepods

The distribution and population dynamics of zooplankton are affected by the interplay between currents, behaviour and selective growth, mortality and reproduction. Here, we present an individual based model for a copepod where life-history and behavioural traits are adapted using a genetic algorithm approach. The objectives were to investigate the importance of spatial and inter-annual variability in biophysical forcing and different predator densities on the adaptation of emergent life history traits in a copepod. The results show that in simulations with adaptation, the populations remained viable (positive population growth) within the study area over 100-year simulation whereas without adaptation populations were unviable. In one dimensional simulations with fixed spatial position there were small differences between replicate simulations. Inter-annual variability in forcing resulted in increased difference in fitness between years. Simulations with spatial-, but without inter-annual variability in forcing produced large differences in the geographic distribution, fitness and life history strategies between replicate simulations. In simulations with both spatial and inter-annual variability the replicates had rather small variability in traits. Increased predator density lead to increased day depth and avoidance of the lit upper waters. The model can be used for a range of different applications such as studying individual and population responses to environmental changes including climate change as well as to yield robust behavioral strategies for use in fully coupled end to end ecosystem models.

[1]  G. Huse,et al.  Horizontal distribution and overlap of planktivorous fish stocks in the Norwegian Sea during summers 1995–2006 , 2012 .

[2]  Geir Huse,et al.  Estimating the consumption of Calanus finmarchicus by planktivorous fish in the Norwegian Sea using a fully coupled 3D model system , 2012 .

[3]  Geir Huse,et al.  Estimating the horizontal and temporal overlap of pelagic fish distribution in the Norwegian Sea using individual-based modelling , 2012 .

[4]  Geir Huse,et al.  Modelling secondary production in the Norwegian Sea with a fully coupled physical/primary production/individual-based Calanus finmarchicus model system , 2012 .

[5]  G. Huse,et al.  Using RAFOS floats to simulate overwinter transport of Calanus finmarchicus in the Norwegian Sea , 2012 .

[6]  Anna B. Neuheimer,et al.  How to build and use individual-based models (IBMs) as hypothesis testing tools , 2010 .

[7]  G. Huse,et al.  Shelf recruitment of Calanus finmarchicus off the west coast of Norway: role of physical processes and timing of diapause termination , 2009 .

[8]  S. Creel,et al.  Relationships between direct predation and risk effects. , 2008, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[9]  Geir Huse,et al.  Capelin migrations and climate change – a modelling analysis , 2008 .

[10]  W. Paul Budgell,et al.  Interannual variability in Nordic seas primary production , 2007 .

[11]  Birgit Müller,et al.  A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models , 2006 .

[12]  William Gurney,et al.  Ocean-scale modelling of the distribution, abundance, and seasonal dynamics of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus , 2006 .

[13]  William Gurney,et al.  Modelling the basin‐scale demography of Calanus finmarchicus in the north‐east Atlantic , 2005 .

[14]  D. Tittensor,et al.  Modelling the distribution, sustainability and diapause emergence timing of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in the Labrador Sea , 2003 .

[15]  W. Gentleman.  A chronology of plankton dynamics in silico: how computer models have been used to study marine ecosystems , 2002, Hydrobiologia.

[16]  Geir Huse,et al.  Artificial Evolution of Life History and Behavior , 2002, The American Naturalist.

[17]  R. Campbell,et al.  Growth and development rates of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus reared in the laboratory , 2001 .

[18]  G. Huse.  Modelling habitat choice in fish using adapted random walk , 2001 .

[19]  Øyvind Fiksen,et al.  The adaptive timing of diapause – a search for evolutionarily robust strategies in Calanus finmarchicus , 2000 .

[20]  M. Heath,et al.  Winter distribution of Calanus finmarchicus in the Northeast Atlantic , 2000 .

[21]  S. Kaartvedt.  Life history of Calanus finmarchicus in the Norwegian Sea in relation to planktivorous fish , 2000 .

[22]  Alexander F. Shchepetkin,et al.  Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin : simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates , 2000 .

[23]  M. Heath.  The ascent migration of Calanus finmarchicus from overwintering depths in the Faroe–Shetland Channel , 1999 .

[24]  Geir Huse,et al.  Implementing behaviour in individual-based models using neural networks and genetic algorithms , 1999, Evolutionary Ecology.

[25]  F. Carlotti,et al.  A Lagrangian ensemble model of Calanus finmarchicus coupled with a 1D ecosystem model , 1998 .

[26]  Daniel R. Lynch,et al.  Coupling of an individual-based population dynamic model of Calanus finmarchicus to a circulation model for the Georges Bank region , 1998 .

[27]  M. Heath,et al.  Basin‐scale advection and population persistence of Calanus finmarchicus , 1998 .

[28]  Joel s. Brown.  The Ecology of Fear: Optimal Foraging, Game Theory, and Trophic Interactions , 1998 .

[29]  Geir Huse,et al.  Life history strategies and spatial dynamics of the Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus) , 1998 .

[30]  J. Giske,et al.  Ecology in Mare Pentium: an individual-based spatio-temporal model for fish with adapted behaviour , 1998 .

[31]  M. Ohman,et al.  ADVECTION AND ZOOPLANKTON FITNESS , 1998 .

[32]  D. L. Aksnes,et al.  A revised model of visual range in fish , 1997 .

[33]  Øyvind Ulltang,et al.  Varlation in migration and abundance of norwegian spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.) , 1997 .

[34]  Franqois Carlotti,et al.  Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and Calanus finmarchicus in the North Sea as revealed by a coupled one-dimensional model , 1996 .

[35]  H. Hirche.  Diapause in the marine copepod, Calanus finmarchicus — A review , 1996 .

[36]  H. Hirche.  The reproductive biology of the marine copepod, Calanus finmarchicus — A review , 1996 .

[37]  Dag L. Aksnes,et al.  Circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and possible impact on population dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus , 1996 .

[38]  Marten Scheffer,et al.  Super-individuals a simple solution for modelling large populations on an individual basis , 1995 .

[39]  Dag L. Aksnes,et al.  Ecological modelling in coastal waters: Towards predictive physical-chemical-biological simulation models , 1995 .

[40]  C. M. Lessells,et al.  The Evolution of Life Histories , 1994 .

[41]  G. Radach,et al.  Growth and development of Calanus finmarchicus related to the influence of temperature: Experimental results and conceptual model , 1993 .

[42]  J. Giske,et al.  A theoretical model of aquatic visual feeding , 1993 .

[43]  J. Giske,et al.  Variable generation times and Darwinian fitness measures , 1993, Evolutionary Ecology.

[44]  R. Chambers.  Phenotypic variability in fish populations and its representation in individual-based models , 1993 .

[45]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[46]  S. Bollens,et al.  Zooplanktivorous fish and variable diel vertical migration in the marine planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus , 1989 .

[47]  J. Hjort,et al.  Fluctuations in the Great Fisheries of Northern Europe: Viewed in the Light of Biological Research , 1914 .

[48]  G. Huse,et al.  Variability in retention of Calanus finmarchicus in the Nordic Seas , 2005 .

[49]  V. Grimm,et al.  Individual-based modeling and ecology , 2005 .

[50]  M. Ohman,et al.  A comparative study of Calanus finmarchicus mortality patterns at five localities in the North Atlantic , 2004 .

[51]  Dag Slagstad,et al.  A model study of demography and spatial distribution of Calanus finmarchicus at the Norwegian coast , 2001 .

[52]  J. Giske,et al.  Modeling zooplankton dynamics , 2000 .

[53]  F. Carlotti,et al.  Model of copepod growth and development: moulting and mortality in relation to physiological processes during an individual moult cycle , 1992 .