The Development of a New District Heating Concept: Network Design and Optimization for Integrating Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Use in Energy Sustainable Communities

The paper describes the Danish contribution to the IEA-ECBCS Annex 51: “energy efficient communities”. We present three case studies, two from Annex subtask A (state-of-the-art review) and one from subtask B (ongoing projects). The first case study is “Samsoe: a renewable energy island”. The community achieved a net 100% share of renewable energy in its total energy use, relying on available technical solutions, but finding new ways of organizing, financing and ownerships. The second project is “Concerto class I: Stenloese Syd”. The buildings in the settlement are low-energy buildings class I (Building Regulation 2008). The project partners envisaged the implementation of selected key energy-supply technologies and building components and carried out an evaluation of user preferences to give suggestions to designers and constructors of low-energy houses. The third case study (Subtask B) is: “low-energy neighbourhood in Lystrup, Denmark”. The project integrates sustainable solutions both for the building sector and the energy supply side, which in the case consists on a low-temperature district heating network. The analysis of the successful/unsuccessful factors in the projects contributes to develop the instruments that are needed to prepare local energy and climate change strategies and supports the planning and implementation of energy-efficient communities.

[1]  Benny Bøhm,et al.  Single, twin and triple buried heating pipes: on potential savings in heat losses and costs , 2005 .

[2]  Competitive low carbon economy in 2050 , 2013 .

[3]  H.-M. Groscurth,et al.  Optimization of solar district heating systems: seasonal storage, heat pumps, and cogeneration , 2000 .

[4]  Regina G Ziegler,et al.  Executive summary report. , 2005, The Journal of nutrition.

[5]  Heimo Zinko,et al.  Plastic pipe systems for district heating , 2001 .

[6]  Jianhua Fan,et al.  TRNSYS simulation of the consumer unit for low energy district heating net , 2008 .

[7]  Kipp J. van Schooten.  Summary of Work , 2013 .

[8]  Greg F. Naterer,et al.  Conduction Heat Transfer , 2002 .

[9]  Per Heiselberg,et al.  The Future for Sustainable Built Environments with High Performance Energy Systems , 2010 .

[10]  Jiang Yi,et al.  Optimal operation of a CHP plant for space heating as a peak load regulating plant , 2000 .

[11]  Ken Caldeira,et al.  Stabilizing climate requires near‐zero emissions , 2008 .

[12]  Louise Trygg,et al.  Energy conservation measures in buildings heated by district heating – A local energy system perspective , 2010 .

[13]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems-The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050 , 2009 .

[14]  Anne Grete Hestnes,et al.  Heat supply to low-energy buildings in district heating areas Analyses of CO2 emissions and electricity supply security , 2008 .

[15]  Ian Richardson,et al.  A high-resolution domestic building occupancy model for energy demand simulations , 2008 .

[16]  Ambrose Dodoo,et al.  Primary energy implications of end-use energy efficiency measures in district heated buildings , 2011 .

[17]  I. B. Kilkis.  Technical issues in low to medium-temperature district heating , 2002 .

[18]  Y. Kaya,et al.  Environment, Energy and Economy: Strategies for Sustainability , 1999 .

[19]  H. Torio,et al.  Development of system concepts for improving the performance of a waste heat district heating network with exergy analysis , 2010 .

[20]  Benny Bøhm,et al.  On transient heat losses from buried district heating pipes , 2000 .

[21]  Didier Clamond,et al.  Efficient Resolution of the Colebrook Equation , 2008, 0810.5564.

[22]  Henrik Lund,et al.  A renewable energy system in Frederikshavn using low-temperature geothermal energy for district heating , 2011 .

[23]  Evert Nieuwlaar,et al.  Exergy evaluation of space-heating options , 1993 .

[24]  Svend Svendsen,et al.  A Direct Heat Exchanger Unit used for Domestic Hot Water Supply in a Single-family House Supplied by Low Energy District Heating , 2010 .

[25]  Kristina Lygnerud,et al.  Factors impacting district heating companies’ decision to provide small house customers with heat , 2010 .

[26]  Bernd Möller,et al.  End-use energy savings and district heating expansion in a local renewable energy system: A short-term perspective , 2012 .

[27]  Peter Munthe-Kaas,et al.  Municipalities as promoters of energy efficient buildings: Idea catalogue for proactive planning practices , 2009 .

[28]  Jan Jantzen,et al.  Samsø, a Renewable Energy Island: 10 years of development and evaluation (10 year report) -- Samsø, Vedvarende Energi-Ø: 10 års Udvikling og Evaluering (10årsrapport) , 2007 .

[29]  Jerker Delsing,et al.  Improved district heating substation efficiency with a new control strategy , 2010 .

[30]  P. Wallentén.  Steady-state heat loss from insulated pipes , 1991 .

[31]  Jørgen Erik Christensen,et al.  Low-energy district heating in energy-efficient building areas , 2011 .

[32]  Svend Svendsen,et al.  Method for optimal design of pipes for low-energy district heating, with focus on heat losses , 2011 .

[33]  J. Bongaarts.  United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Mortality Report 2005 , 2006 .

[34]  Yi Jiang,et al.  A new type of district heating method with co-generation based on absorption heat exchange (co-ah cycle) , 2011 .

[35]  Louise Trygg,et al.  Increased use of district heating in industrial processes – Impacts on heat load duration , 2009 .

[36]  W. Gilijamse,et al.  Energy efficiency in new houses. Heat demand reduction versus cogeneration , 1995 .

[37]  V. Masson‐Delmotte,et al.  Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim? , 2008, 0804.1126.

[38]  Jørgen Rose,et al.  DS 418:2011:Calculation of heat loss from buildings , 2011 .

[39]  Nagla Inese.  Profitability of Low Energy District Heating for Areas with Low Energy Buildings , 2010 .

[40]  Halldór Pálsson,et al.  Methods for planning and operating decentralized combined heat and power plants , 2000 .

[41]  Henrik Lund,et al.  Renewable energy strategies for sustainable development , 2007 .

[42]  U. Persson,et al.  Heat distribution and the future competitiveness of district heating , 2011 .

[43]  Irina Gabrielaitiene,et al.  Evaluation of Approaches for Modeling Temperature Wave Propagation in District Heating Pipelines , 2008 .

[44]  Leif Gustavsson,et al.  District heating and energy efficiency in detached houses of differing size and construction , 2009 .

[45]  Arif Hepbasli,et al.  A review on energetic, exergetic and exergoeconomic aspects of geothermal district heating systems (GDHSs) , 2010 .

[46]  Bahram Moshfegh,et al.  Possibilities and consequences of deregulation of the European electricity market for connection of heat sparse areas to district heating systems , 2010 .

[47]  J. E. Thorsen,et al.  Cost considerations on storage tank versus heat exchanger for HTW preparation , 2006 .

[48]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  The role of district heating in future renewable energy systems , 2010 .

[49]  Bernd Möller,et al.  Conversion of individual natural gas to district heating: Geographical studies of supply costs and consequences for the Danish energy system , 2010 .

[50]  Stefan Forsaeus Nilsson,et al.  Sparse district-heating in Sweden , 2008 .

[51]  Poul Alberg Østergaard.  Heat savings in energy systems with substantial distributed generation , 2003 .

[52]  Dietrich Schmidt.  Low Exergy Systems for High-Performance Buildings and Communities , 2009 .

[53]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  A renewable energy scenario for Aalborg Municipality based on low-temperature geothermal heat, wind , 2010 .