DRYING, GROWTH TOWARDS A UNIT OPERATION

Within the field of separations drying is one of the unit operations with a very wide variety of materials, equipment type, capacity, product requirements and added value. The scope and depth of published papers about the subject shows a similar variety. At the present time the systematic approach to design and operation, as appears to exist for other unit operations, for drying is still largely incomplete. In the paper some aspects of unification are considered. After some thoughts about types of drying research, examples are given from thermodynamics, transport phenomena and mathematics to show perspectives of using common concepts and theory towards fruitful integration of knowledge from other areas into drying knowledge.

[1]  V. Gnielinski,et al.  Trocknungstechnik, Bd. 1 : Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Trocknungstechnik. Von O. Krischer und W. Kast. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin – Heidelberg – New York 1978. 3. neubearb. Aufl., XIX, 489 S., 367 Abb., 3 Tab., Ln., DM 196,– , 1979 .

[2]  Rajamani Krishna,et al.  Multicomponent surface diffusion of adsorbed species: a description based on the generalized Maxwell—Stefan equations , 1990 .

[3]  W. Schiesser The Numerical Method of Lines: Integration of Partial Differential Equations , 1991 .

[4]  Roger B. Keey,et al.  Drying principles and practice , 1972 .

[5]  On the isothermal binary mass transport in a single pore , 2001 .

[6]  P. Kerkhof Some modeling aspects of (batch) fluid-bed drying of life-science products , 2000 .

[7]  Alexandre E. Kronberg,et al.  Notes on wave theory in heat conduction: a new boundary condition , 1998 .

[8]  Piet J. A. M. Kerkhof,et al.  The role of theoretical and mathematical modeling in scale-up , 1994 .

[9]  A. V. Luikov,et al.  Analytical Heat Diffusion Theory , 1969 .

[10]  F. Keil,et al.  Simulation and experiment of multicomponent diffusion and reaction in three-dimensional networks , 1999 .

[11]  Barnett F. Dodge,et al.  Chemical engineering thermodynamics , 1944 .

[12]  W. J. Coumans Models for drying kinetics based on drying curves of slabs , 2000 .

[13]  R. Krishna,et al.  The Maxwell-Stefan approach to mass transfer , 1997 .

[14]  K. Sing,et al.  Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology and Applications , 1998 .

[15]  Zhiming Yao,et al.  Mathematical modelling and simulation of mass transfer in osmotic dehydration processes. Part II: Simulation and model verification , 1997 .

[16]  K. Riet,et al.  Modeling segregation of solute material during drying of liquid foods , 1995 .

[17]  Piet J. A. M. Kerkhof,et al.  Estimation of Effective Diffusivity in Drying of Heterogeneous Porous Media , 2000 .

[18]  Roland Wimmerstedt,et al.  Drying of porous granular materials , 1983 .

[19]  K. Stephen,et al.  Wärmeübertragung n Festbetten, druchmischten Schüttgütern und Wirbelschichten. Von E.-U. Schlünder und E. Tsotsas. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart– New York 1988. XII, 259 S., 161 Abb., 33 Tab., kart., DM 58 , 1989 .

[20]  Stephen Whitaker,et al.  Coupled Transport in Multiphase Systems: A Theory of Drying , 1998 .

[21]  Tadeusz Kudra,et al.  COMPUTER AIDED DRYING TECHNOLOGIES , 2001 .

[22]  M. Verbeek,et al.  Inactivation of Lactobacillus plantarum during drying. I. Measurement and modeling of the drying process. , 1990 .

[23]  F. Keil Diffusion und chemische Reaktionen in der Gas-Feststoff-Katalyse , 1999 .

[24]  J. Chirife,et al.  Handbook of Food Isotherms: Water Sorption Parameters for Food and Food Components , 1982 .

[25]  New light on some old problems: revisiting the Stefan Tube, Graham's Law and the Bosanquet equation , 1997 .

[26]  John Crank,et al.  The Mathematics Of Diffusion , 1956 .

[27]  F. Couture,et al.  Relative permeability relations: A key factor for a drying model , 1996 .

[28]  J. Villadsen,et al.  Solution of differential equation models by polynomial approximation , 1978 .

[29]  Otto Krischer,et al.  Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Trocknungstechnik , 1956 .

[30]  A. Spicer Advances in preconcentration and dehydration of foods , 1974 .

[31]  B. Smit,et al.  Molecular Simulations of Adsorption Isotherms for Linear and Branched Alkanes and Their Mixtures in Silicalite , 1999 .

[32]  J. R. Philip,et al.  Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients , 1957 .

[33]  C. J. King,et al.  Multicomponent diffusion and vapor‐liquid equilibria of dilute organic components in aqueous sugar solutions , 1972 .

[34]  J. Prausnitz,et al.  Solid–liquid equilibria for solutions of binary globular‐protein mixtures , 1999 .

[35]  M. Maguer,et al.  Mathematical modelling and simulation of mass transfer in osmotic dehydration processes. Part I: Conceptual and mathematical models , 1996 .

[36]  Ian C. Kemp,et al.  Mathematical modelling of fluidised bed dryers with horizontal dispersion , 1999 .

[37]  Piet J. A. M. Kerkhof,et al.  A modified Maxwell-Stefan model for transport through inert membranes : the binary friction model , 1996 .

[38]  P. Kerkhof A quantitative study of the effect of process variables on the retention of volatile trace components in drying , 1975 .

[39]  S. Whitaker Simultaneous Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer in Porous Media: A Theory of Drying , 1977 .

[40]  Ian C. Kemp,et al.  Mathematical modelling of batch and continuous well-mixed fluidised bed dryers , 1999 .

[41]  L. A. Bromley Thermodynamic properties of strong electrolytes in aqueous solutions , 1973 .

[42]  J. Kuipers,et al.  Discrete particle simulation of bubble and slug formation in a two-dimensional gas-fluidised bed: A hard-sphere approach. , 1996 .

[43]  L. Rosenhead Conduction of Heat in Solids , 1947, Nature.

[44]  Jörg Kärger,et al.  Diffusion in Zeolites and Other Microporous Solids , 1992 .

[45]  L. Lievense The inactivation of Lactobacillus plantarum during drying. , 1991 .

[46]  Stefan J. Kowalski,et al.  Modelling of fracture phenomena in dried materials , 2002 .

[47]  A. Luikov,et al.  Theory of energy and mass transfer , 1961 .

[48]  H. Tamon,et al.  WATER TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN ADSORPTIVE POROUS BODY , 1983 .

[49]  Josef Barthel,et al.  Chemical engineering thermodynamics , 1983 .

[50]  J. S. Rowlinson,et al.  Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria , 1969 .

[51]  R. T. Yang,et al.  Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes , 1987 .

[52]  J. V. D. Lijn,et al.  Simulation of heat and mass transfer in spray drying , 1976 .

[53]  William E. Schiesser The numerical method of lines , 1991 .