Magnetically Actuated Droplet Manipulation and Its Potential Biomedical Applications.

Droplet manipulation has found broad applications in various engineering and biomedical fields, such as biochemistry, microfluidic systems, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Many methods have been developed to enhance the ability for manipulating droplets, among which magnetically actuated droplet manipulation has attracted widespread interests due to its remote, noninvasive manipulation ability and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the approaches and their principles that enable actuating the droplet magnetically. The potential biomedical applications of such a technique in bioassay, cell assembly, and tissue engineering are given.

[1]  Gwo-Bin Lee,et al.  Microfluidic platforms for discovery and detection of molecular biomarkers , 2014 .

[2]  Chiun-Peng Lee,et al.  Charged droplet transportation under direct current electric fields as a cell carrier , 2012 .

[3]  Yoshinobu Nakamura,et al.  Microcapsules fabricated from liquid marbles stabilized with latex particles. , 2014, Langmuir.

[4]  A. Takahara,et al.  Liquid marbles supported by monodisperse poly(methylsilsesquioxane) particles. , 2014, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[5]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Thermally mediated breakup of drops in microchannels , 2006 .

[6]  Mahesh V. Panchagnula,et al.  Mechanically robust nanoparticle stabilized transparent liquid marbles , 2008 .

[7]  S. Afkhami,et al.  Interfacial deformation and jetting of a magnetic fluid , 2014, 1501.01000.

[8]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Kinematics and deformation of ferrofluid droplets under magnetic actuation , 2007 .

[9]  R. Westervelt,et al.  Dielectrophoretic manipulation of drops for high-speed microfluidic sorting devices , 2006 .

[10]  Marius Schneider,et al.  Experimental Investigation of Wetting with Magnetic Fluids. , 2016, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[11]  Mitsuhiro Shikida,et al.  A palmtop-sized rotary-drive-type biochemical analysis system by magnetic bead handling , 2008 .

[12]  P. Stroeve,et al.  Magnetically induced decrease in droplet contact angle on nanostructured surfaces. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[13]  H. Erbil,et al.  Evaporation rate of PTFE liquid marbles , 2009 .

[14]  Wee Chew,et al.  Catalytic liquid marbles: Ag nanowire-based miniature reactors for highly efficient degradation of methylene blue. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[15]  F. Tseng,et al.  Substrate curvature gradient drives rapid droplet motion. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[16]  S. Elliott,et al.  Levitation-free vibrated droplets: resonant oscillations of liquid marbles. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[17]  Rossen Sedev,et al.  Elasticity of liquid marbles. , 2015, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[18]  Yuriko Renardy,et al.  Field-induced motion of ferrofluid droplets through immiscible viscous media , 2008, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[19]  Glen McHale,et al.  Liquid marbles: principles and applications , 2011 .

[20]  Tomáš Čižmár,et al.  Shaping the future of manipulation , 2011 .

[21]  Levent Yobas,et al.  High-performance flow-focusing geometry for spontaneous generation of monodispersed droplets. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[22]  C. Wilhelm,et al.  Use of Magnetic Forces to Promote Stem Cell Aggregation During Differentiation, and Cartilage Tissue Modeling , 2013, Advanced materials.

[23]  R. Bashir,et al.  On-chip magnetic separation and encapsulation of cells in droplets. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[24]  Zhicheng Long,et al.  Fundamentals of magnet-actuated droplet manipulation on an open hydrophobic surface. , 2009, Lab on a chip.

[25]  Savas Tasoglu,et al.  Paramagnetic Levitational Assembly of Hydrogels , 2013, Advanced materials.

[26]  Martyn Hill,et al.  Ultrasound assisted particle and cell manipulation on-chip. , 2013, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[27]  Yi Zhang,et al.  Clockwork PCR including sample preparation. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  O. Velev,et al.  On-chip manipulation of free droplets , 2003, Nature.

[29]  Randall M. Erb,et al.  Formation of ordered cellular structures in suspension via label-free negative magnetophoresis. , 2009, Nano letters (Print).

[30]  O. Velev,et al.  Anisotropic particle synthesis in dielectrophoretically controlled microdroplet reactors , 2004, Nature materials.

[31]  Aaron Wheeler,et al.  Putting Electrowetting to Work , 2008, Science.

[32]  D. Mecerreyes,et al.  Simple route to prepare stable liquid marbles using poly(ionic liquid)s , 2014 .

[33]  Tong Lin,et al.  Magnetic liquid marbles, their manipulation and application in optical probing , 2012 .

[34]  Qinmin Pan,et al.  Constructing robust liquid marbles for miniaturized synthesis of graphene/Ag nanocomposite. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[35]  David McGloin,et al.  Optical manipulation of airborne particles: techniques and applications. , 2008, Faraday discussions.

[36]  Gareth H. McKinley,et al.  Droplet mobility on lubricant-impregnated surfaces , 2013 .

[37]  Mitsutoshi Nakajima,et al.  Microfluidics for food, agriculture and biosystems industries. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[38]  M. Zahn,et al.  Observations of ferrofluid flow under a uniform rotating magnetic field in a spherical cavity , 2012 .

[39]  Phil Paik,et al.  Rapid droplet mixers for digital microfluidic systems. , 2003, Lab on a chip.

[40]  Yoshinobu Nakamura,et al.  Stimuli‐Responsive Liquid Marbles: Controlling Structure, Shape, Stability, and Motion , 2016 .

[41]  Gunar Matthies,et al.  Numerical treatment of free surface problems in ferrohydrodynamics , 2006 .

[42]  Yasunori Yamamoto,et al.  Functional evaluation of artificial skeletal muscle tissue constructs fabricated by a magnetic force-based tissue engineering technique. , 2011, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[43]  CheolGi Kim,et al.  Magnetophoretic circuits for digital control of single particles and cells , 2014, Nature Communications.

[44]  A. Lee,et al.  Alternating droplet generation and controlled dynamic droplet fusion in microfluidic device for CdS nanoparticle synthesis. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[45]  Patrick Tabeling,et al.  Droplet breakup in microfluidic junctions of arbitrary angles. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[46]  Shuichi Shoji,et al.  An all SU-8 microfluidic chip with built-in 3D fine microstructures , 2006 .

[47]  M. Sitti,et al.  Untethered micro-robotic coding of three-dimensional material composition , 2014, Nature Communications.

[48]  Rongjun Chen,et al.  Generation and manipulation of magnetic multicellular spheroids. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[49]  A. Ghaffari,et al.  CFD simulation of equilibrium shape and coalescence of ferrofluid droplets subjected to uniform magnetic field , 2015 .

[50]  Thomas B. Jones,et al.  Dispensing picoliter droplets on substrates using dielectrophoresis , 2006 .

[51]  Bing Xu,et al.  Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Manipulation of Proteins and Cells , 2012 .

[52]  Mitsuhiro Shikida,et al.  Droplet-based gene expression analysis using a device with magnetic force-based-droplet-handling system. , 2010, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[53]  Dongxiao Shi,et al.  Numerical Simulation of a Falling Ferrofluid Droplet in a Uniform Magnetic Field by the VOSET Method , 2014 .

[54]  Kelvin J. Liu,et al.  A surface topography assisted droplet manipulation platform for biomarker detection and pathogen identification. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[55]  S. Bhatia,et al.  Manipulation of liquid droplets using amphiphilic, magnetic one-dimensional photonic crystal chaperones , 2004, Nature materials.

[56]  R.M. Westervelt,et al.  High-Voltage Dielectrophoretic and Magnetophoretic Hybrid Integrated Circuit/Microfluidic Chip , 2009, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[57]  A. Wheeler,et al.  The Digital Revolution: A New Paradigm for Microfluidics , 2009 .

[58]  Ali Abou-Hassan,et al.  Static Magnetowetting of Ferrofluid Drops. , 2016, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[59]  M. Tabrizian,et al.  Water-oil core-shell droplets for electrowetting-based digital microfluidic devices. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[60]  Edward Bormashenko,et al.  Interfacial and conductive properties of liquid marbles coated with carbon black , 2010 .

[61]  Armand Ajdari,et al.  Droplet Control for Microfluidics , 2005, Science.

[62]  H. Erbil,et al.  Evaporation rate of graphite liquid marbles: comparison with water droplets. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[63]  L. Tobiska,et al.  Numerical modeling of the equilibrium shapes of a ferrofluid drop in an external magnetic field , 2004 .

[64]  Seung-Man Yang,et al.  Janus microspheres for a highly flexible and impregnable water-repelling interface. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[65]  Dong Sun,et al.  Enhanced cell sorting and manipulation with combined optical tweezer and microfluidic chip technologies. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[66]  F. Nejati,et al.  Solid‐State Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions and Their Application in the Food Industry , 2014 .

[67]  Tza-Huei Wang,et al.  An all-in-one microfluidic device for parallel DNA extraction and gene analysis , 2010, Biomedical microdevices.

[68]  Tong Lin,et al.  Magnetic Liquid Marbles: Toward “Lab in a Droplet” , 2015 .

[69]  A. M. Purdon,et al.  Controlled Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles from Magnetotactic Bacteria Using Microelectromagnets Arrays , 2004 .

[70]  Yuyu Yao,et al.  Magnetic field assisted programming of particle shapes and patterns. , 2015, Soft matter.

[71]  Andrew D Griffiths,et al.  Selective droplet coalescence using microfluidic systems. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[72]  Wei Shen,et al.  Liquid Marbles as Micro‐bioreactors for Rapid Blood Typing , 2012, Advanced healthcare materials.

[73]  Yi Du,et al.  Fast Responsive and Controllable Liquid Transport on a Magnetic Fluid/Nanoarray Composite Interface. , 2016, ACS nano.

[74]  Yongjia Zhang,et al.  Effect of particle hydrophobicity on the properties of liquid water marbles , 2013 .

[75]  Hiroyuki Honda,et al.  Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. , 2005, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[76]  James H. Bannock,et al.  Controlled multistep synthesis in a three-phase droplet reactor , 2014, Nature Communications.

[77]  Kevin P. Rosenblatt,et al.  A high-throughput three-dimensional cell migration assay for toxicity screening with mobile device-based macroscopic image analysis , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[78]  R. Qu,et al.  Enhanced Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiencies in monocot cells is associated with attenuated defense responses , 2013, Plant Molecular Biology.

[79]  David Quéré,et al.  Liquid marbles , 2001, Nature.

[80]  David J Beebe,et al.  One-step purification of nucleic acid for gene expression analysis via Immiscible Filtration Assisted by Surface Tension (IFAST). , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[81]  C. Rinaldi,et al.  Flow of ferrofluid in an annular gap in a rotating magnetic field , 2010 .

[82]  Shiguo Zhang,et al.  Sonochemical formation of iron oxide nanoparticles in ionic liquids for magnetic liquid marble. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[83]  David N. Adamson,et al.  Production of arrays of chemically distinct nanolitre plugs via repeated splitting in microfluidic devices. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[84]  Chang-Jin C J Kim,et al.  All-electronic droplet generation on-chip with real-time feedback control for EWOD digital microfluidics. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[85]  Da Xing,et al.  Miniaturized PCR chips for nucleic acid amplification and analysis: latest advances and future trends , 2007, Nucleic acids research.

[86]  Mikaël M. Martino,et al.  In Situ Cell Manipulation through Enzymatic Hydrogel Photopatterning , 2013 .

[87]  Hirokazu Akiyama,et al.  Genetically engineered angiogenic cell sheets using magnetic force-based gene delivery and tissue fabrication techniques. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[88]  Andreas Manz,et al.  Total nucleic acid analysis integrated on microfluidic devices. , 2007, Lab on a chip.

[89]  M. Kolonin,et al.  Adipose tissue engineering in three-dimensional levitation tissue culture system based on magnetic nanoparticles. , 2013, Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods.

[90]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Tunable Adhesive Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Superparamagnetic Microdroplets , 2008 .

[91]  F. Farzaneh,et al.  Simple Magnetic Cell Patterning Using Streptavidin Paramagnetic Particles , 2009, Experimental biology and medicine.

[92]  Roland Zengerle,et al.  Microfluidic lab-on-a-foil for nucleic acid analysis based on isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). , 2010, Lab on a chip.

[93]  Mitsuhiro Shikida,et al.  Using wettability and interfacial tension to handle droplets of magnetic beads in a micro-chemical-analysis system , 2006 .

[94]  Ting-Hsiang Wu,et al.  High-speed droplet generation on demand driven by pulse laser-induced cavitation. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[95]  D. Weitz,et al.  Geometrically mediated breakup of drops in microfluidic devices. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[96]  Jeong Ah Kim,et al.  High-throughput generation of spheroids using magnetic nanoparticles for three-dimensional cell culture. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[97]  K. Jensen,et al.  Cells on chips , 2006, Nature.

[98]  R. Pogreb,et al.  Stable water and glycerol marbles immersed in organic liquids: from liquid marbles to Pickering-like emulsions. , 2012, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[99]  E. Bormashenko,et al.  On the nature of the friction between nonstick droplets and solid substrates. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[100]  C. Rinaldi,et al.  Flows and torques in Brownian ferrofluids subjected to rotating uniform magnetic fields in a cylindrical and annular geometry , 2014 .

[101]  H. Bayley,et al.  Construction and manipulation of functional three-dimensional droplet networks. , 2014, ACS nano.

[102]  Bagrat Grigoryan,et al.  A three-dimensional co-culture model of the aortic valve using magnetic levitation. , 2014, Acta biomaterialia.

[103]  David Quéré,et al.  Properties of liquid marbles , 2006, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[104]  Mohamed Abdelgawad,et al.  All-terrain droplet actuation. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[105]  James A Bankson,et al.  Three-dimensional tissue culture based on magnetic cell levitation. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[106]  C. Kim,et al.  An integrated digital microfluidic chip for multiplexed proteomic sample preparation and analysis by MALDI-MS. , 2006, Lab on a chip.

[107]  Tza‐Huei Wang,et al.  Full‐Range Magnetic Manipulation of Droplets via Surface Energy Traps Enables Complex Bioassays , 2013, Advanced materials.

[108]  M. Renardy,et al.  Deformation of a hydrophobic ferrofluid droplet suspended in a viscous medium under uniform magnetic fields , 2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[109]  S. Doerr,et al.  Self-organization of hydrophobic soil and granular surfaces , 2007 .

[110]  Rongjun Chen,et al.  The precise control of cell labelling with streptavidin paramagnetic particles. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[111]  I-Kao Chiang,et al.  On-chip manipulation of single microparticles, cells, and organisms using surface acoustic waves , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[112]  T. Hirai Magnetic Fluid Composite Gels , 2019, Soft Actuators.

[113]  Stephan Herminghaus,et al.  Controlled electrocoalescence in microfluidics: Targeting a single lamella , 2006 .

[114]  Olli Ikkala,et al.  Switchable Static and Dynamic Self-Assembly of Magnetic Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces , 2013, Science.

[115]  A. deMello Control and detection of chemical reactions in microfluidic systems , 2006, Nature.

[116]  U. Demirci,et al.  Guided and magnetic self-assembly of tunable magnetoceptive gels , 2014, Nature Communications.

[117]  P. Domínguez-García,et al.  Motion of viscous drops on superhydrophobic surfaces due to magnetic gradients , 2008 .

[118]  K. Audus,et al.  Digital microfluidics. , 2012, Annual review of analytical chemistry.

[119]  Z. Barkay,et al.  Shape, vibrations, and effective surface tension of water marbles. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[120]  Tal Dvir,et al.  Nanotechnological strategies for engineering complex tissues. , 2020, Nature nanotechnology.

[121]  M. Gijs,et al.  Droplet-based DNA purification in a magnetic lab-on-a-chip. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[122]  Kai Zhang,et al.  On-chip manipulation of continuous picoliter-volume superparamagnetic droplets using a magnetic force. , 2009, Lab on a chip.

[123]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Deformation of ferrofluid marbles in the presence of a permanent magnet. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[124]  Metin Sitti,et al.  Three-dimensional heterogeneous assembly of coded microgels using an untethered mobile microgripper. , 2015, Lab on a chip.

[125]  A. Abate,et al.  Surface acoustic wave (SAW) directed droplet flow in microfluidics for PDMS devices. , 2009, Lab on a chip.

[126]  Allon M. Klein,et al.  Droplet Barcoding for Single-Cell Transcriptomics Applied to Embryonic Stem Cells , 2015, Cell.

[127]  Edward Bormashenko,et al.  New insights into liquid marbles , 2012 .

[128]  Yi Zhang,et al.  Catching bird flu in a droplet , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[129]  S. Quake,et al.  Dynamic pattern formation in a vesicle-generating microfluidic device. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[130]  Hongxia Wang,et al.  Magnetic Liquid Marbles: A “Precise” Miniature Reactor , 2010, Advanced materials.

[131]  Peng Wang,et al.  Remotely Controllable Liquid Marbles , 2012, Advanced materials.

[132]  R. Pogreb,et al.  New investigations on ferrofluidics: ferrofluidic marbles and magnetic-field-driven drops on superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[133]  Feng Xu,et al.  Three‐Dimensional Magnetic Assembly of Microscale Hydrogels , 2011, Advanced materials.

[134]  E. Ruckenstein,et al.  Nanodrop of an Ising magnetic fluid on a solid surface. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[135]  Edward Bormashenko,et al.  Revealing of water surface pollution with liquid marbles , 2009 .

[136]  Bernard P. Binks,et al.  Phase inversion of particle-stabilized materials from foams to dry water , 2006, Nature materials.

[137]  A. Manz,et al.  Micro total analysis systems. Latest advancements and trends. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[138]  J. Viovy,et al.  Programmable magnetic tweezers and droplet microfluidic device for high-throughput nanoliter multi-step assays. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[139]  Hongxia Wang,et al.  Magnetic Liquid Marbles: Manipulation of Liquid Droplets Using Highly Hydrophobic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles , 2010, Advanced materials.

[141]  J. Vörös,et al.  Engineering the Extracellular Environment: Strategies for Building 2D and 3D Cellular Structures , 2010, Advanced materials.

[142]  Limin Wu,et al.  Fabrication, properties and applications of Janus particles. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[143]  Jiang Zhe,et al.  Recent advances in particle and droplet manipulation for lab-on-a-chip devices based on surface acoustic waves. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[144]  Tetsuo Ohashi,et al.  A simple device using magnetic transportation for droplet-based PCR , 2007, Biomedical microdevices.

[145]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Micro-magnetofluidics: interactions between magnetism and fluid flow on the microscale , 2012 .

[146]  C. Klapperich,et al.  Thermoplastic microfluidic device for on-chip purification of nucleic acids for disposable diagnostics. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[147]  M. Gijs Magnetic particle handling in microfluidic systems , 2010 .

[148]  M. Okochi,et al.  Three-dimensional cell culture array using magnetic force-based cell patterning for analysis of invasive capacity of BALB/3T3/v-src. , 2009, Lab on a chip.

[149]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Magnetowetting and sliding motion of a sessile ferrofluid droplet in the presence of a permanent magnet. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[150]  E. Tan,et al.  Manipulating Magnetic 3D Spheroids in Hanging Drops for Applications in Tissue Engineering and Drug Screening , 2013, Advanced healthcare materials.