Corrosión atmosférica de aceros patinables de nueva generación

Los aceros patinables, "low alloy steels" o "weathering steels" como se les denomina en la literatura sajona, describen una clase de aceros estructurales de baja aleacion y alto limite elastico, que experimentan en atmosferas de baja agresividad (rural, urbana e industrial ligera)menor corrosion que el acero al carbono y ademas poseen superiores propiedades mecanicas, por lo que constituyen un material idoneo para sustituir al acero al carbono en estructuras de larga duracion.De forma generica, se pueden definir como aceros suaves, con un contenido en carbono inferior al 0,2 % en peso, a los que se han adicionado principalmente Cu, Cr, P y Ni como elementos aleantes en una cantidad global no superior al 3-5 % en peso. Inicialmente, aumentan el coste de la estructura en un 20 % con respecto al acero al carbono debido a su especial composicion, sin embargo, poseen mayor resistencia a la corrosion y no necesitan ser pintados ni requieren operaciones de repintado de mantenimiento, siendo normalmente mas rentables en ambientes de moderada agresividad que el acero al carbono pintado, despues de 15 anos en servicio. El comportamiento de los aceros patinables depende extraordinariamente de las caracteristicas ambientales de la atmosfera donde son expuestos. En la literatura existe consenso en cuanto al uso de aceros patinables en ambientes rurales y urbanos, no ocurriendo lo mismo en ambientes industriales y marinos. Al menos, en estos dos ultimos ambientes es necesario establecer, respectivamente, un nivel critico de SO2 y salinidad (Cl-) que no conviene superar para mantener las propiedades protectoras de la herrumbre frente a la corrosion atmosferica y que permitan en la practica la utilizacion del acero patinable sin pintar. Sin embargo, estos niveles criticos (SO2 y Cl-) no estan claramente definidos, limitando la aplicabilidad de los aceros patinables sin pintar. Ello ha dado lugar ultimamente a la aparicion de aceros patinables avanzados, incorporando niquel en su composicion, de mayor resistencia a la corrosion atmosferica, especialmente en atmosferas marinas. Sin embargo, no se dispone de mucha informacion sobre la corrosion atmosferica de este tipo de material. El estudio que se presenta en esta Memoria, constituye la primera investigacion en profundidad realizada en Espana sobre la corrosion atmosferica de aceros patinables convencionales y avanzados.

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