Recognition of multiple-item probes

In the present study, we contrasted models in whichfamiliarity orstrength is the sole basis for recognition judgments (e.g., Gillund & Shiffrin, 1984) with models incorporating retrieval of specific information in a recall-like process (e.g., Humphreys, 1976, 1978; Humphreys & Bain, 1984). We also examined the possibility that an item’s “strength” is determined in part by the match between the verbal encoding contexts at study and at test. In two experiments, study items were presented in triplets. In Experiment 1 recognition was tested with all possible combinations of one-, two-, or three-item targets and distractors; in addition, three different decision criteria were employed in different lists. Experiment 2 included cued recognition among other test conditions. Recognition performance did not increase as more cues were added to the probe, a finding that is inconsistent with Humphreys’s model and other models of that type. Both studies were well fit by a version of the Search of Associative Memory model for recognition (Gillund & Shiffrin, 1984).

[1]  George Mandler,et al.  Coordinate organization: The holistic representation of word pairs. , 1991 .

[2]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Toward a model of text comprehension and production. , 1978 .

[3]  Lynne M. Reder,et al.  A semantic interpretation of encoding specificity , 1974 .

[4]  B. Underwood,et al.  Context change and the role of meaning in word recognition. , 1979, The American journal of psychology.

[5]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Search and decision processes in recognition memory. , 1974 .

[6]  H. Kucera,et al.  Computational analysis of present-day American English , 1967 .

[7]  John B. Black,et al.  Scripts in memory for text , 1979, Cognitive Psychology.

[8]  P. Thorndyke.  Cognitive structures in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse , 1977, Cognitive Psychology.

[9]  A. Healy,et al.  Effects of repetition on short-term retention of order information. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[10]  Stephen A. Ritz,et al.  Distinctive features, categorical perception, and probability learning: some applications of a neural model , 1977 .

[11]  Ira Fischler,et al.  Effects of repeated tests on recognition time for information in long-term memory , 1971 .

[12]  M. Humphreys.  Item and relational information: A case for context independent retrieval , 1978 .

[13]  M. McCloskey,et al.  Decisions about Ignorance: Knowing That You Don't Know. , 1981 .

[14]  Douglas L. Hintzman,et al.  MINERVA 2: A simulation model of human memory , 1984 .

[15]  M. Humphreys,et al.  Relational information and the context effect in recognition memory , 1976, Memory & cognition.

[16]  Ray Pike,et al.  Comparison of convolution and matrix distributed memory systems for associative recall and recognition , 1984 .

[17]  Bennet B. Murdock,et al.  Encoding, storage, and retrieval of item information , 1975 .

[18]  Donald M. Thomson,et al.  Context Effects in Recognition Memory. , 1972 .

[19]  Steven Schwartz,et al.  2 – DECISION PROCESSES IN RECOGNITION MEMORY , 1975 .

[20]  B. Murdock.  A Theory for the Storage and Retrieval of Item and Associative Information. , 1982 .

[21]  Endel Tulving,et al.  Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. , 1973 .

[22]  W. Kintsch,et al.  The representation of meaning in memory , 1974 .

[23]  P. Muter.  Recognition and recall of words with a single meaning , 1984 .

[24]  B. Murdock.  Human memory: Theory and data. , 1975 .

[25]  Eugene Winograd,et al.  Evidence from Recognition Memory for Specific Encoding of Unmodified Homographs. , 1971 .

[26]  G. Mandler.  Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. , 1980 .

[27]  W. Estes,et al.  Item and order information in short-term memory: Evidence for multilevel perturbation processes. , 1981 .

[28]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Factors influencing speed and accuracy of word recognition , 1973 .

[29]  L. Light,et al.  Effects of Changed Semantic Context on Recognition Memory , 1970 .

[30]  M. Humphreys,et al.  Recognition memory: A cue and information analysis , 1983, Memory & cognition.

[31]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. , 1984, Psychological review.

[32]  A. Marcel.  Conscious and preconscious recognition on polysemous words: Locating selective effects of prior verbal contexts , 1980 .

[33]  R. Frisina,et al.  Categorization and familiarity in recognition involving a well-memorized list. , 1978 .