Site Effects

The rise of social media, such as blogs, social network sites, Twitter, and YouTube, encourages hope for renewed confidence in the government and news media because these venues connect users directly to candidates and officeholders. This article indicates that blogs most heavily relied on the type of social media for political information. Moreover, reliance on blogs and YouTube leads to reduced confidence in the presidency, Congress, and the news media, but reliance on social network sites and Twitter leads to higher confidence in these institutions after controlling for strength of party ties, political ideology, political interest, reliance on traditional media, and demographic variables.

[1]  Cass R. Sunstein,et al.  Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide , 2009 .

[2]  B. Benjamin Critical Citizens. Global Support for Democratic Governance , 2007 .

[3]  V. Gueorguieva,et al.  Voters, MySpace, and YouTube , 2008 .

[4]  Margaret Levi,et al.  Consent, dissent, and patriotism , 1997 .

[5]  A. Kaplan,et al.  Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media , 2010 .

[6]  Tien-Tsung Lee Why They Don’t Trust the Media: An Examination of Factors Predicting Trust , 2010 .

[7]  Elliott Mendelson,et al.  Annual Meeting of the Association for Symbolic Logic , 1966, J. Symb. Log..

[8]  S. Ball-Rokeach A Theory of Media Power and a Theory of Media Use: Different Stories, Questions, and Ways of Thinking , 1998 .

[9]  Stephen C. Craig,et al.  The Malevolent Leaders: Popular Discontent In America , 1993 .

[10]  Timothy Macafee,et al.  Some of these things are not like the others: Examining motivations and political predispositions among political Facebook activity , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[11]  David A. Dulio,et al.  An experiment of campaign effects during the YouTube election , 2011, New Media Soc..

[12]  D. Graber,et al.  Mass media and American politics , 1980 .

[13]  Alejandro Moreno,et al.  The Individual Bases of Political Trust: Trends in New and Established Democracies , 2006 .

[14]  Assessing Americans' Opinions About the News Media's Fairness in 1996 and 1998 , 2001 .

[15]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  The dark side of the boon? Credibility, selective exposure and the proliferation of online sources of political information , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[16]  E. Thorson,et al.  Overreporting Voting: Campaign Media, Public Mood, and the Vote , 2000 .

[17]  Masahiro Yamamoto,et al.  Did Social Media Really Matter? College Students' Use of Online Media and Political Decision Making in the 2008 Election , 2010 .

[18]  Jonathan Cohen,et al.  Democratic Consequences of Hostile Media Perceptions , 2005 .

[19]  D. Schwartz Users of the world unite , 2000 .

[20]  Lynda Lee Kaid,et al.  Stealth soapboxes: political information efficacy, cynicism and uses of celebrity weblogs among readers , 2008, New Media Soc..

[21]  S. Ball-Rokeach THE ORIGINS OF INDIVIDUAL MEDIA-SYSTEM DEPENDENCY , 1985 .

[22]  Earl R. Babbie,et al.  The Basics Of Social Research , 1998 .

[23]  Christopher E. Beaudoin,et al.  Testing the Cognitive Mediation Model , 2004, Commun. Res..

[24]  Sonja Utz,et al.  The (Potential) Benefits of Campaigning via Social Network Sites , 2009, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[25]  Arthur H. Miller,et al.  Political Performance and Institutional Trust , 1999 .

[26]  David A. Jones Why Americans Don’t Trust the Media , 2004 .

[27]  E CookTimothy,et al.  The Skeptical American: Revisiting the Meanings of Trust in Government and Confidence in Institutions , 2014 .

[28]  Yariv Tsfati,et al.  Individual and Contextual Correlates of Trust in Media Across 44 Countries , 2014, Commun. Res..

[29]  J JohnsonThomas,et al.  Voices of Convergence or Conflict? A Path Analysis Investigation of Selective Exposure to Political Websites , 2011 .

[30]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Introduction: The Facebook Election , 2010 .

[31]  Juliann Cortese,et al.  Looking Back as We Prepare to Move Forward: US Presidential Candidates' Adoption of YouTube , 2012, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[32]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Webelievability: A Path Model Examining How Convenience and Reliance Predict Online Credibility , 2002 .

[33]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  The Revolution Will be Networked , 2010 .

[34]  Zizi Papacharissi A Networked Self : Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites , 2010 .

[35]  Caroline J. Tolbert,et al.  The Effects of E-Government on Trust and Confidence in Government , 2003, DG.O.

[36]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Hot Diggity Blog: A Cluster Analysis Examining Motivations and Other Factors for Why People Judge Different Types of Blogs as Credible , 2011 .

[37]  F. Al-Shamali,et al.  Author Biographies. , 2015, Journal of social work in disability & rehabilitation.

[38]  Elizabeth Theiss-Morse,et al.  Congress as Public Enemy , 1995 .

[39]  John M. Sides,et al.  Self-Segregation or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation, and Polarization in American Politics , 2010, Perspectives on Politics.

[40]  Marc J. Hetherington,et al.  The Political Relevance of Political Trust , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[41]  Arthur L. Stinchcombe,et al.  Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide , 2010 .

[42]  R. Agrifoglio,et al.  Twitter Acceptance: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation , 2010 .

[43]  T. Cook,et al.  Disdaining the Media: The American Public's Changing Attitudes Toward the News , 2007 .

[44]  J. Cappella,et al.  Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good , 1997 .

[45]  David A. Schultz It's show time! : media, politics, and popular culture , 2000 .

[46]  T. Rudolph,et al.  The origins and consequences of public trust in government: a time series analysis. , 2000, Public opinion quarterly.

[47]  Barbara K. Kaye,et al.  Putting out Fire with Gasoline: Testing the Gamson Hypothesis on Media Reliance and Political Activity , 2013 .

[48]  Jody C. Baumgartner,et al.  MyFaceTube Politics , 2010 .

[49]  Daniela V. Dimitrova,et al.  The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns , 2014, Commun. Res..

[50]  Stephen Earl Bennett,et al.  "Video Malaise" Revisited , 1999 .

[51]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  In blog we trust? Deciphering credibility of components of the internet among politically interested internet users , 2009, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[52]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Wag the Blog: How Reliance on Traditional Media and the Internet Influence Credibility Perceptions of Weblogs Among Blog Users , 2004 .

[53]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Every Blog Has Its Day: Politically-interested Internet Users' Perceptions of Blog Credibility , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[54]  L. Kahlor,et al.  Media use and public confidence in democratic institutions , 1999 .

[55]  Danah Boyd,et al.  Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[56]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Choosing Is Believing? How Web Gratifications and Reliance Affect Internet Credibility Among Politically Interested Users , 2010 .

[57]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Blinded by the Spite? Path Model of Political Attitudes, Selectivity, and Social Media , 2017 .

[58]  J. Krosnick,et al.  National Surveys Via Rdd Telephone Interviewing Versus the Internet Comparing Sample Representativeness and Response Quality , 2009 .

[59]  Margaret Levi,et al.  Of Rule and Revenue , 1991 .

[60]  C. Anderson,et al.  Legitimacy from above: the partisan foundations of support for the political system in democracies , 2012, European Political Science Review.

[61]  M. Bekafigo,et al.  Who Tweets About Politics? , 2013 .

[62]  Barbara K. Kaye,et al.  Using Is Believing: The Influence of Reliance on the Credibility of Online Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users , 2000 .

[63]  Robin Gauld,et al.  Is Public Trust in Government Associated With Trust in E-Government? , 2011 .

[64]  V. Gueorguieva,et al.  Voters, MySpace, and YouTube: The Impact of Alternative Communication Channels on the Election Cycle and Beyond. , 2006 .

[65]  Thomas Hartley,et al.  How the News Media Fail American Voters: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies , 1999 .

[66]  Dennis F. Thompson,et al.  The Mindsets of Political Compromise , 2010, Perspectives on Politics.

[67]  Todd Kelsey,et al.  Social Networking Spaces: From Facebook to Twitter and Everything In Between , 2010 .

[68]  Thomas J. Johnson,et al.  Credibility of Social Network Sites for Political Information Among Politically Interested Internet Users , 2014, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..