Modelling the masticatory biomechanics of a pig

The relationships between muscle tensions, jaw motions, bite and joint forces, and craniofacial morphology are not fully understood. Three‐dimensional (3‐D) computer models are able to combine anatomical and functional data to examine these complex relationships. In this paper we describe the construction of a 3‐D dynamic model using the anatomical (skeletal and muscle form) and the functional (muscle activation patterns) features of an individual pig. It is hypothesized that the model would produce functional jaw movements similar to those recordable in vivo. Anatomical data were obtained by CT scanning (skeletal elements) and MR imaging (muscles). Functional data (muscle activities) of the same animal were obtained during chewing by bipolar intramuscular electrodes in six masticatory muscles and combined with previously published EMG data. The model was driven by the functional data to predict the jaw motions and forces within the masticatory system. The study showed that it is feasible to reconstruct the complex 3‐D gross anatomy of an individual's masticatory system in vivo. Anatomical data derived from the 3‐D reconstructions were in agreement with published standards. The model produced jaw motions, alternating in chewing side, typical for the pig. The amplitude of the jaw excursions and the timing of the different phases within the chewing cycle were also in agreement with previously published data. Condylar motions and forces were within expected ranges. The study indicates that key parameters of the pig's chewing cycle can be simulated by combining general biomechanical principles, individual‐specific data and a dynamic modelling approach frequently used in mechanical engineering.