Exploring User Perceptions of Discrimination in Online Targeted Advertising

Targeted online advertising now accounts for the largest share of the advertising market, beating out both TV and print ads. While targeted advertising can improve users’ online shopping experiences, it can also have negative effects. A plethora of recent work has found evidence that in some cases, ads may be discriminatory, leading certain groups of users to see better offers (e.g., job ads) based on personal characteristics such as gender. To develop policies around advertising and guide advertisers in mak­ ing ethical decisions, one thing we must better understand is what concerns users and why. In an effort to answer this question, we conducted a pilot study and a multi-step main survey (n=2,086 in total) presenting users with dif­ ferent discriminatory advertising scenarios. We find that overall, 44% of respondents were moderately or very con­ cerned by the scenarios we presented. Respondents found the scenarios significantly more problematic when dis­ crimination took place as a result of explicit demographic targeting rather than in response to online behavior. How­ ever, our respondents’ opinions did not vary based on whether a human or an algorithm was responsible for the discrimination. These findings suggest that future pol­ icy documents should explicitly address discrimination in targeted advertising, no matter its origin, as a significant user concern, and that corporate responses that blame the algorithmic nature of the ad ecosystem may not be helpful for addressing public concerns.