Signal processing aspects of computer music: A survey

The application of modern signal processing techniques to the production and processing of musical sound gives the composer and musician a level of freedom and precision of control never before obtainable. This paper surveys the use of analyis of natural sounds for synthesis, the use of speech and vocoder techniques, methods of artificial reverberation, the use of discrete summation formulae for highly efficient synthesis, the concept of the all-digital recording studio, and discusses the role of special-purpose hardware in digital music synthesis, illustrated with two unique digital music synthesizers.

[1]  Lawrence R. Rabiner,et al.  A pattern recognition approach to voiced-unvoiced-silence classification with applications to speech recognition , 1976 .

[2]  Manfred R. Schroeder,et al.  Natural Sounding Artificial Reverberation , 1962 .

[3]  J. Makhoul,et al.  Linear prediction: A tutorial review , 1975, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[4]  J. Markel,et al.  The SIFT algorithm for fundamental frequency estimation , 1972 .

[5]  R. Shively On multistage finite impulse response (FIR)filters with decimation , 1975 .

[6]  Jacques Lucien Daguet,et al.  Interpolation, extrapolation, and reduction of computation speed in digital filters , 1974 .

[7]  J. Makhoul,et al.  Linear Prediction and the Spectral Analysis of Speech , 1972 .

[8]  M. Mathews,et al.  Analysis of musical‐instrument tones , 1969 .

[9]  Thomas W. Parks,et al.  New results in the design of digital interpolators" ieee trans , 1975 .

[10]  Lawrence R. Rabiner,et al.  Techniques for Designing Finite-Duration Impulse-Response Digital Filters , 1971 .

[11]  Tracy Petersen,et al.  Vocal Tract Modulation of Instrumental Sounds by Digital Filtering , 1975, International Conference on Mathematics and Computing.

[12]  John M. Chowning,et al.  The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation , 1973 .

[13]  James Anderson Moorer,et al.  On the segmentation and analysis of continuous musical sound by digital computer , 1975 .

[14]  M. Portnoff,et al.  Implementation of the digital phase vocoder using the fast Fourier transform , 1976 .

[15]  A. Noll Cepstrum pitch determination. , 1967, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[16]  M.S. Corrington,et al.  Variation of Bandwidth with Modulation Index in Frequency Modulation , 1947, Proceedings of the IRE.

[17]  L. Rabiner,et al.  A digital signal processing approach to interpolation , 1973 .

[18]  Manfred R. Schroeder,et al.  -Colorless- Artificial Reverberation , 1960 .

[19]  B Gold,et al.  Parallel processing techniques for estimating pitch periods of speech in the time domain. , 1969, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[20]  Kenneth Steiglitz,et al.  Input Generators for Digital Sound Synthesis , 1970 .

[21]  J. Craig,et al.  Digital filters for sample-rate reduction , 1972 .

[22]  A. Oppenheim Speech analysis-synthesis system based on homomorphic filtering. , 1969, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[23]  James A. Moorer,et al.  The Use of the Phase Vocoder in Computer Music Applications , 1976 .

[24]  M. Gardner Proximity image effect in sound localization. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[25]  Hubert S. Howe,et al.  Electronic Music Synthesis , 1975 .

[26]  Irene A. Stegun,et al.  Handbook of Mathematical Functions. , 1966 .

[27]  Arthur H. Benade,et al.  The Physics of Brasses , 1973 .

[28]  Max V. Mathews,et al.  GROOVE—a program to compose, store, and edit functions of time , 1970, CACM.

[29]  John Makhoul New lattice methods for linear prediction , 1976, ICASSP.

[30]  O. Herrmann,et al.  Practical design rules for optimum finite impulse response low-pass digital filters , 1973 .

[31]  M. J. B. Duff,et al.  Parallel Processing Techniques , 1978 .

[32]  J. Markel Digital inverse filtering-a new tool for formant trajectory estimation , 1972 .

[33]  John E. Markel,et al.  Linear Prediction of Speech , 1976, Communication and Cybernetics.

[34]  John M. Chowning,et al.  THE SIMULATION OF MOVING SOUND SOURCES , 1970 .

[35]  Donald Ervin Knuth,et al.  The Art of Computer Programming , 1968 .

[36]  L. Rabiner,et al.  Optimum FIR Digital Filter Implementations for Decimation, Interpolation, and Narrow-Band Filtering , 1975 .

[37]  B. Atal,et al.  Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction of the speech wave. , 1971, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  M. R. Schroeder,et al.  Adaptive predictive coding of speech signals , 1970, Bell Syst. Tech. J..

[39]  Max V. Mathews,et al.  The Technology Of Computer Music , 1970 .

[40]  Manfred R. Schroeder,et al.  “Colorless” Artificial Reverberation , 1960 .

[41]  J. Moorer,et al.  The optimum comb method of pitch period analysis of continuous digitized speech , 1974 .

[42]  N. Miller Pitch detection by data reduction , 1975 .

[43]  T. Teichmann,et al.  The Measurement of Power Spectra , 1960 .

[44]  J. Moorer The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Discrete Summation Formulas , 1976 .

[45]  E. Hansen A Table of Series and Products , 1977 .

[46]  William Gosper,et al.  Acceleration of Series , 1974 .

[47]  M. Mathews,et al.  Electronic simulation of violin resonances , 1973 .

[48]  M. R. Schroeder Improved Quasi‐Stereophony and “Colorless” Artificial Reverberation , 1961 .

[49]  L.H. Holway,et al.  Exact and approximate spectra for trapezoidal FM , 1976, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[50]  D. Leakey Some Measurements on the Effects of Interchannel Intensity and Time Differences in Two Channel Sound Systems , 1959 .

[51]  A. Slawson Vowel quality and musical timbre as functions of spectrum envelope and fundamental frequency. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[52]  M. Sondhi,et al.  New methods of pitch extraction , 1968 .

[53]  J. Markel,et al.  A linear prediction vocoder simulation based upon the autocorrelation method , 1974 .