A 0.13- $\mu\text{m}$ CMOS SoC for Simultaneous Multichannel Optogenetics and Neural Recording

This paper presents a 0.13-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS system-on-chip (SoC) for simultaneous multichannel optogenetics and multichannel neural recording in freely moving laboratory animals. This fully integrated system provides 10 multimodal recording channels with analog-to-digital conversion and a four- channel LED driver circuit for optogenetic stimulation. The bio-amplifier design includes a programmable bandwidth (BW) (0.5 Hz–7 kHz) to collect either the action potentials (APs) and/or the local field potentials (LFPs) and has a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 2.30 for an input-referred noise of 3.2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu V_{\text {rms}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> within a BW of 10–7 kHz. The low-power delta–sigma (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) MASH 1-1-1 analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is designed to work at low oversampling ratios (OSRs) (≤50) and has an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.75 bits at an OSR of 25 (BW of 10 kHz). The utilization of a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ADC is the key to address the flexibility needed to address different noise versus power consumption tradeoff of various experimental settings. It leverages a new technique that reduces its size by subtracting the output of each <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> branch in the digital domain, instead of in the analog domain as done conventionally. The ADC is followed by an on-chip fourth-order cascaded integrator-comb (CIC4) decimation filter (DF). A whole recording channel, including the bio-amplifier, the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> MASH 1-1-1, and the DF consumes 11.2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Optical stimulation is performed with an LED driver using a regulated cascode current source with feedback that can accommodate a wide range of LED parameters and battery voltages. The SoC is validated <italic>in vivo</italic> within a wireless experimental platform in both the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) and cerebral motor cortex brain regions of a virally mediated Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) rat.

[1]  Maysam Ghovanloo,et al.  Design, fabrication, and packaging of an integrated, wirelessly-powered optrode array for optogenetics application , 2015, Front. Syst. Neurosci..

[2]  Pui-In Mak,et al.  An Integrated Circuit for Simultaneous Extracellular Electrophysiology Recording and Optogenetic Neural Manipulation , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[3]  K. L. Montgomery,et al.  Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice , 2015, Nature Methods.

[4]  R.R. Harrison,et al.  A Low-Power Integrated Circuit for a Wireless 100-Electrode Neural Recording System , 2006, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[5]  Maysam Ghovanloo,et al.  A Wireless Magnetoresistive Sensing System for an Intraoral Tongue-Computer Interface , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[6]  Seung-Hoon Lee,et al.  A 72.9-dB SNDR 20-MHz BW 2-2 discrete-time sturdy MASH delta-sigma modulator using source-follower-based integrators , 2017, 2017 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC).

[7]  G. Buzsáki,et al.  Tools for probing local circuits: high-density silicon probes combined with optogenetics , 2015, Neuron.

[8]  Jeremy Holleman,et al.  An Ultralow-Power Low-Noise CMOS Biopotential Amplifier for Neural Recording , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.

[9]  R. R. Harrison,et al.  A low-power low-noise CMOS amplifier for neural recording applications , 2003, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[10]  K. Deisseroth,et al.  Optogenetics , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[11]  Patrick Degenaar,et al.  An implantable optrode with Self-diagnostic function in 0.35µm CMOS for optical neural stimulation , 2014, 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) Proceedings.

[12]  Luke Theogarajan,et al.  An 18µW 79dB-DR 20KHz-BW MASH ΔΣ modulator utilizing self-biased amplifiers for biomedical applications , 2011, 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC).

[13]  Benoit Gosselin,et al.  A wireless and batteryless neural headstage with optical stimulation and electrophysiological recording , 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[14]  John A Rogers,et al.  Implantable, wireless device platforms for neuroscience research , 2018, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[15]  Benoit Gosselin,et al.  A Low-Power Current-Reuse Analog Front-End for High-Density Neural Recording Implants , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[16]  Brendon O. Watson,et al.  Temporal coupling of field potentials and action potentials in the neocortex , 2017, bioRxiv.

[17]  Yusuf Leblebici,et al.  Energy Efficient Low-Noise Neural Recording Amplifier With Enhanced Noise Efficiency Factor , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[18]  Fan Zhang,et al.  Design of Ultra-Low Power Biopotential Amplifiers for Biosignal Acquisition Applications , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[19]  Maysam Ghovanloo,et al.  A Power-Efficient Switched-Capacitor Stimulating System for Electrical/Optical Deep Brain Stimulation , 2014, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[20]  Jan M. Rabaey,et al.  A 4.78 mm 2 Fully-Integrated Neuromodulation SoC Combining 64 Acquisition Channels With Digital Compression and Simultaneous Dual Stimulation , 2015, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[21]  Yang Yang,et al.  A Sigma-Delta Modulator System Design with 1-1-1 Mash Structure , 2013 .

[22]  Yves De Koninck,et al.  A wireless photostimulator for optogenetics with live animals , 2017, 2017 15th IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS).

[23]  K. Deisseroth,et al.  Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[24]  Alyosha C. Molnar,et al.  An Orthogonal Current-Reuse Amplifier for Multi-Channel Sensing , 2013, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[25]  Yves De Koninck,et al.  A Wireless Headstage for Combined Optogenetics and Multichannel Electrophysiological Recording , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[26]  Maysam Ghovanloo,et al.  A mm-sized free-floating wirelessly powered implantable optical stimulating system-on-a-chip , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Solid - State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC).

[27]  Roman Genov,et al.  Rail-to-Rail-Input Dual-Radio 64-Channel Closed-Loop Neurostimulator , 2017, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[28]  Aleksey Pesterev,et al.  Embedded Neural Recording With TinyOS-Based Wireless-Enabled Processor Modules , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[29]  Timothy Denison,et al.  An implantable 5mW/channel dual-wavelength optogenetic stimulator for therapeutic neuromodulation research , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC).

[30]  Mohamad Sawan,et al.  A Low-Power Integrated Bioamplifier With Active Low-Frequency Suppression , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[31]  P. Tresco,et al.  Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes , 2005, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[32]  Maysam Ghovanloo,et al.  A wireless implantable switched-capacitor based optogenetic stimulating system , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[33]  Maysam Ghovanloo,et al.  A Low-Noise Preamplifier with Adjustable Gain and Bandwidth for Biopotential Recording Applications , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[34]  Yves De Koninck,et al.  A Wireless Optogenetic Headstage with Multichannel Electrophysiological Recording Capability , 2015, Sensors.

[35]  Rahul Sarpeshkar,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Micropower Neural Recording Amplifier , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[36]  Timothy G. Constandinou,et al.  A CMOS-based neural implantable optrode for optogenetic stimulation and electrical recording , 2015, 2015 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS).

[37]  Yong Ping Xu,et al.  11.6 A multi-channel neural-recording amplifier system with 90dB CMRR employing CMOS-inverter-based OTAs with CMFB through supply rails in 65nm CMOS , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC) Digest of Technical Papers.