Microwave‐assisted degradation of chitosan with hydrogen peroxide treatment using Box‐Behnken design for enhanced antibacterial activity

Summary Low molecular mass (MM) chitosan with high degree of deacetylation (DDA) has excellent bioactivity including antioxidant, antibacterial and encapsulation properties. In this work, to reduce the MM of chitosan, microwave-assisted heating treatment (MAHT) conditions were investigated using three factors at three levels Box-Behnken design (BBD). Microwave heating (MH) time, H2O2 concentration and solid-to-liquid ratio significantly affected the DDA and MM of chitosan. The antibacterial activities of chitosan before and after degradation were investigated based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that a second-order polynomial equation fitted the observed values using multiple regression analysis and had a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9591 and 0.9161 for the DDA and MM of chitosan, respectively). An optimisation study was performed using Derringer's desirability function methodology, and the optimal conditions were 80-s MH time, 1.5% H2O2 concentration and 1:40 solid-to-liquid ratio. The MIC and MBC of chitosan before and after degradation against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were 0.031 and 0.063 mg mL−1, and 0.25 and 0.125 mg mL−1, respectively. The optimised DDA and MM of chitosan were 90.58 ± 2.04% and 124.25 ± 14.36 kDa, respectively, which significantly reduces the use of oxidant reagent.

[1]  Yanyun Zhao,et al.  The preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan under large-scale submerged fermentation level using shrimp by-products as substrate. , 2017, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[2]  M. Öner,et al.  Investigating the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on synthesis of calcium carbonate using Box-Behnken experimental design , 2017 .

[3]  Mustafa A. Fawzy,et al.  Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities , 2017 .

[4]  J. Kerry,et al.  Preparation of low- and medium-molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles and their antimicrobial evaluation against a panel of microorganisms, including cheese-derived cultures , 2016 .

[5]  L. David,et al.  Extensively deacetylated high molecular weight chitosan from the multistep ultrasound-assisted deacetylation of beta-chitin. , 2016, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[6]  P. Gogate,et al.  Intensification of depolymerization of polyacrylic acid solution using different approaches based on ultrasound and solar irradiation with intensification studies. , 2016, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[7]  Wen Che,et al.  A new approach to synthesis of benzyl cinnamate: Optimization by response surface methodology. , 2016, Food chemistry.

[8]  F. Khodaiyan,et al.  Improvement of chitosan production from Persian Gulf shrimp waste by response surface methodology , 2016 .

[9]  S. Mashayekhan,et al.  Fabrication of porous gelatin-chitosan microcarriers and modeling of process parameters via the RSM method. , 2016, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[10]  P. Gogate,et al.  Intensified depolymerization of aqueous polyacrylamide solution using combined processes based on hydrodynamic cavitation, ozone, ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide. , 2016, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[11]  H. Mishra,et al.  Process optimization for thermal-assisted high pressure processing of mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp using response surface methodology , 2016 .

[12]  L. Lião,et al.  Optimization of carboxymethyl chitosan synthesis using response surface methodology and desirability function. , 2016, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[13]  Danilo M. dos Santos,et al.  Response surface methodology applied to the study of the microwave-assisted synthesis of quaternized chitosan. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[14]  Yanyun Zhao,et al.  Preparation, characterization and evaluation of antibacterial activity of catechins and catechins-Zn complex loaded β-chitosan nanoparticles of different particle sizes. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[15]  C. Santhosh,et al.  Optimization of process parameters for the microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles using 3-level Box–Behnken Design , 2016 .

[16]  M. Rinaudo,et al.  Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine Sources. Structure, Properties and Applications , 2015, Marine drugs.

[17]  P. Gogate,et al.  Depolymerization of guar gum solution using different approaches based on ultrasound and microwave irradiations , 2015 .

[18]  M. Ishihara,et al.  Changes in blood aggregation with differences in molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of chitosan , 2015, Biomedical materials.

[19]  S. Allwin,et al.  Extraction of Chitosan from White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Processing Waste and Examination of its Bioactive Potentials , 2015 .

[20]  Qilong Shi,et al.  Optimization of Combined Heat Pump and Microwave Drying of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Using Response Surface Methodology , 2014 .

[21]  O. Assis,et al.  Antimicrobial analysis of films processed from chitosan and N,N,N-trimethylchitosan , 2014 .

[22]  Arie Fitzgerald Blank,et al.  Response surface methodology for optimisation of edible chitosan coating formulations incorporating essential oil against several foodborne pathogenic bacteria , 2014 .

[23]  Yanyun Zhao,et al.  Optimization of the fermentation conditions of Rhizopus japonicus M193 for the production of chitin deacetylase and chitosan. , 2014, Carbohydrate polymers.

[24]  Michał Moritz,et al.  The newest achievements in synthesis, immobilization and practical applications of antibacterial nanoparticles , 2013 .

[25]  S. Yeates,et al.  “Green” molecular weight degradation of chitosan using microwave irradiation , 2013 .

[26]  K. Thirugnanasambandham,et al.  Box-Behnken design based statistical modeling for ultrasound-assisted extraction of corn silk polysaccharide. , 2013, Carbohydrate polymers.

[27]  M. Nasef,et al.  Chitin and Chitosan Extracted from Irradiated and non-Irradiated Shrimp Wastes (Comparative Analysis Study) , 2013 .

[28]  A. Chiralt,et al.  Physical and antioxidant properties of chitosan and methylcellulose based films containing resveratrol , 2013 .

[29]  O. Sauperl,et al.  Viscose Functionalisation with a Combination of Chitosan/BTCA Using Microwaves , 2013 .

[30]  Pengcheng Li,et al.  Microwave-assisted degradation of chitosan for a possible use in inhibiting crop pathogenic fungi. , 2012, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[31]  Yanyun Zhao,et al.  Production of chitin from shrimp shell powders using Serratia marcescens B742 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 successive two-step fermentation. , 2012, Carbohydrate research.

[32]  M. Sukwattanasinitt,et al.  Products from microwave and ultrasonic wave assisted acid hydrolysis of chitin. , 2012, Carbohydrate polymers.

[33]  J. Rosiak,et al.  DETERMINATION OF DEGREE OF DEACETYLATION OF CHITOSAN - COMPARISION OF METHODS , 2012 .

[34]  T. Zhang,et al.  Mechanism of microwave-accelerated soy protein isolate–saccharide graft reactions , 2011 .

[35]  Yanyun Zhao,et al.  Characteristics of deacetylation and depolymerization of β-chitin from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) pens. , 2011, Carbohydrate research.

[36]  J. Šimůnek,et al.  Low-molecular-weight chitosans: Preparation and characterization , 2011 .

[37]  Dang Van Phu,et al.  Synergistic degradation to prepare oligochitosan by γ-irradiation of chitosan solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide , 2011 .

[38]  Sanjay R. Mishra,et al.  Effect of molecular weight of chitosan degraded by microwave irradiation on lyophilized scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. , 2011, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[39]  M. Mengíbar,et al.  Antibacterial activity of products of depolymerization of chitosans with lysozyme and chitosanase against Campylobacter jejuni , 2011 .

[40]  Hong Wang,et al.  Preparation, water solubility and antioxidant activity of branched-chain chitosan derivatives , 2011 .

[41]  M. Nasri,et al.  A Solvent-Stable Metalloprotease Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa A2 Grown on Shrimp Shell Waste and Its Application in Chitin Extraction , 2011, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[42]  K. Hsieh,et al.  Kinetic study of acid depolymerization of chitosan and effects of low molecular weight chitosan on erythrocyte rouleaux formation. , 2011, Carbohydrate research.

[43]  A. Xu,et al.  Preparation of low molecular weight alginate by hydrogen peroxide depolymerization for tissue engineering , 2010 .

[44]  Yuan'an Wei,et al.  Influence of ultraviolet-irradiated oxygen on depolymerization of chitosan , 2009 .

[45]  Abhishek Sahu,et al.  Microwave mediated rapid synthesis of chitosan , 2009, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[46]  Y. Guo,et al.  Study on the heterogeneous degradation of chitosan with hydrogen peroxide under the catalysis of phosphotungstic acid , 2007 .

[47]  B. Kang,et al.  Synergetic degradation of chitosan with gamma radiation and hydrogen peroxide , 2007 .

[48]  Douglas de Britto,et al.  Synthesis and mechanical properties of quaternary salts of chitosan-based films for food application. , 2007, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.

[49]  Zi-rong Xu,et al.  Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. , 2004, Carbohydrate research.

[50]  K. Hu,et al.  Study of the depolymerization behavior of chitosan by hydrogen peroxide , 2004 .

[51]  Yumin Du,et al.  Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the molecular weight and structure of chitosan , 2002 .