Dietary exposure to phenolic and methoxylated organohalogen contaminants in relation to their concentrations in breast milk and serum in Japan.

This study investigated human exposure to neutral, phenolic, and methoxylated organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) in a duplicate diet study to evaluate their concentrations in breast milk and serum of Okinawan people from Japan during 2004-2009. Dietary intakes of phenolic OHCs were predominantly 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TriBP), followed by tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE47). After exposure, TriBP and TBBPA were transferred to breast milk, whereas 6-OH-BDE47 was selectively retained in serum. Despite a lower dietary exposure to pentachlorophenol and 4-hydroxy-CB187, both were retained in serum. For the methoxylated OHCs, 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TriBA) and 6-methoxy-BDE47 were the predominant dietary contaminants, of which TriBA was present in both breast milk and serum, whereas 6-methoxy-BDE47 was selectively transferred to breast milk. These findings suggest that dietary exposure to phenolic and methoxylated OHCs may result in differential partitioning between breast milk and serum with different pharmacokinetic or exposure routes.

[1]  K. Haraguchi,et al.  Marine sponge: a potential source for methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Asia-Pacific food web. , 2011, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[2]  Kevin J. Shaw,et al.  2,4,6-Tribromoanisole: a Potential Cause of Mustiness in Packaged Food , 1997 .

[3]  L. Hagmar,et al.  Biological half-lives of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol a in exposed workers , 2000 .

[4]  A. Koizumi,et al.  Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from Japan. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[5]  F. Helidoniotis,et al.  Distribution of bromophenols in species of marine polychaetes and bryozoans from eastern Australia and the role of such animals in the flavor of edible ocean fish and prawns (shrimp). , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[6]  C. Lan,et al.  Residue of pentachlorophenol in freshwater sediments and human breast milk collected from the Pearl River Delta, China. , 2005, Environment International.

[7]  Yongning Wu,et al.  Dietary exposure assessment of Chinese adults and nursing infants to tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecanes: occurrence measurements in foods and human milk. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  K. Mitsumori,et al.  Developmental toxicity of brominated flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane, in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation. , 2009, Reproductive toxicology.

[9]  S. Fujii,et al.  Assessment of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japan using archived samples from the early 1980s and mid-1990s. , 2005, Environmental research.

[10]  R. Tatsukawa,et al.  The flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A and its metabolite found in river and marine sediments in Japan , 1983 .

[11]  Hidetaka Takigami,et al.  Identification of brominated and chlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[12]  A. Brouwer,et al.  Serum concentrations of neutral and phenolic organohalogens in pregnant women and some of their infants in The Netherlands. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[13]  G. Marsh,et al.  Identification of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in blood plasma from polybrominated diphenyl ether exposed rats. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[14]  G. Marsh,et al.  Identification of hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Baltic Sea salmon (Salmo salar) blood. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[15]  J. Yoshinaga,et al.  Thyroid hormone status of newborns in relation to in utero exposure to PCBs and hydroxylated PCB metabolites. , 2007, Environmental research.

[16]  S. Akiba,et al.  Determination and characterization of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in serum and adipose tissue of Japanese women diagnosed with breast cancer. , 2010, Environmental Science and Technology.

[17]  P. Ayotte,et al.  Pentachlorophenol and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in umbilical cord plasma of neonates from coastal populations in Québec. , 2002, Environmental health perspectives.

[18]  J. Lech,et al.  Studies on the uptake, metabolism, and disposition of pentachlorophenol and pentachloroanisole in rainbow trout. , 1977, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[19]  Donald G Patterson,et al.  A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants--particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. , 2003, Environment international.

[20]  Cathrine Thomsen,et al.  Brominated flame retardants in archived serum samples from Norway: a study on temporal trends and the role of age. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  A. Bergman,et al.  Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[22]  Occurrences and fates of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine sediments in relation to trophodynamics. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[23]  A. Glynn,et al.  Changes in serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB metabolites and pentachlorophenol during pregnancy. , 2011, Chemosphere.

[24]  C. Erratico,et al.  Biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) by human liver microsomes: identification of cytochrome P450 2B6 as the major enzyme involved. , 2013, Chemical research in toxicology.

[25]  F. B. Whitfield,et al.  Preparation and application of 2,4,6-tribromo-[13C6]-anisole for the quantitative determination of 2,4,6-tribromoanisole in wine. , 2009 .

[26]  Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah,et al.  Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people? , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[27]  Shin-ichi Sakai,et al.  Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants. , 2003, Environment international.

[28]  B. Tracy,et al.  Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: A review. , 1999, The Science of the total environment.

[29]  M. Lam,et al.  Hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood plasma of humans in Hong Kong. , 2012, Environment international.

[30]  S. Safe,et al.  Structure-dependent, competitive interaction of hydroxy-polychlorobiphenyls, -dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans with human transthyretin. , 1993, Chemico-biological interactions.

[31]  L. Frøyland,et al.  Predictors of PCP, OH-PCBs, PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in a general female Norwegian population. , 2012, Environment international.

[32]  Annamalai Subramanian,et al.  Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in India. , 2012, Environment international.

[33]  Kevin W. George,et al.  Microbial O-methylation of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[34]  Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah,et al.  Analytical and environmental aspects of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivatives. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[35]  H. Neels,et al.  Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A, triclosan, and tetrabromobisphenol A in human serum using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-electron capture negative-ionization mass spectrometry , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[36]  Ǻ. Bergman,et al.  Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol. , 2003, Environmental health perspectives.

[37]  J. Giesy,et al.  Concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in fish and shrimp in Jiangsu Province, China. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[38]  Xiaowei Zhang,et al.  Origin of hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers: natural compounds or man-made flame retardants? , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[39]  S. Sakai,et al.  Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in Japan. , 2008, Endocrine journal.

[40]  C. Thomsen,et al.  Brominated flame retardants in plasma samples from three different occupational groups in Norway. , 2001, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[41]  R. Tatsukawa,et al.  Polybrominated anisoles in marine fish, shellfish, and sediments in Japan , 1983 .

[42]  X. Tao,et al.  Global trends and diversity in pentachlorophenol levels in the environment and in humans: a meta-analysis. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[43]  I. Meerts,et al.  In vitro estrogenicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated PDBEs, and polybrominated bisphenol A compounds. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[44]  B. Le Bizec,et al.  Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum. , 2008, Chemosphere.

[45]  M. Remberger,et al.  Bacterial O-methylation of halogen-substituted phenols , 1987, Applied and environmental microbiology.