Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.org Post-stroke Movement Disorders: Clinical Manifestations and Pharma- Cological Management

Involuntary abnormal movements have been reported after ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Post stroke movement disorders can appear as acute or delayed sequel. At the moment, for many of these disorders the knowledge of pharmacological treatment is still inadequate. Dopaminergic and GABAergic systems may be mainly involved in post-stroke movement disorders. This article provides a review on drugs commonly used in post-stroke movement disorders, given that some post-stroke movement disorders have shown a partial benefit with pharmacological approach.

[1]  J. Krauss,et al.  Hemichorea and hemiballism associated with contralateral hemiparesis and ipsilateral basal ganglia lesions , 1999, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[2]  K. Kogure,et al.  Alteration of dopamine D1 receptor in the strionigral system of the postischemic rat brain , 1992, Neuroscience Letters.

[3]  R. Olsen,et al.  Gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor structure and function. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[4]  B. Manyam,et al.  Clozapine for the control of hemiballismus. , 1994, Clinical neuropharmacology.

[5]  A. Flöel,et al.  Pharmacological enhancement of motor recovery in subacute and chronic stroke. , 2008, NeuroRehabilitation.

[6]  W. Weiner,et al.  Treatment and prognosis of hemiballismus. , 1976, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  A. Lees,et al.  The l-dopa response in vascular parkinsonism , 2004, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[8]  G. Picard,et al.  Disappearance of essential tremor after stroke , 2010, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[9]  P. Genton,et al.  Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam. , 2000, Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape.

[10]  Erika Driver-dunckley,et al.  Hemichorea-hemiballismus may respond to topiramate. , 2005, Clinical neuropharmacology.

[11]  W. Poewe,et al.  Seminar on choreas , 2006, The Lancet Neurology.

[12]  M. A. van 't Hof,et al.  MRI in patients with suspected vascular parkinsonism , 1995, Neurology.

[13]  P. Maeder,et al.  Acute infarction limited to the lenticular nucleus: clinical, etiologic, and topographic features. , 2003, Archives of neurology.

[14]  W. Löscher,et al.  Gabapentin decreases the severity of dystonia at low doses in a genetic animal model of paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis. , 1999, European journal of pharmacology.

[15]  J. Kong,et al.  Quetiapine regulates neurogenesis in ischemic mice by inhibiting NF-κB p65/p50 expression , 2009, Neurological research.

[16]  D. Woodbury,et al.  Neuropharmacology and neurochemistry of anticonvulsant drugs. , 1959, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[17]  Phil Hyu Lee,et al.  The effect of levodopa treatment on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with Parkinson's disease: serial transcranial Doppler studies. , 2010, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[18]  P. Calabresi,et al.  Plasticity and repair in the post-ischemic brain , 2008, Neuropharmacology.

[19]  P. Ragonese,et al.  Levetiracetam in the treatment of vascular chorea: a case report , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[20]  S. Lehéricy,et al.  Clinical characteristics and topography of lesions in movement disorders due to thalamic lesions , 2001, Neurology.

[21]  Murray H. Brilliant,et al.  Mice devoid of γ-aminobutyrate type A receptor β3 subunit have epilepsy, cleft palate, and hypersensitive behavior , 1997 .

[22]  J. Jankovic Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders , 2009, The Lancet Neurology.

[23]  J. Obeso,et al.  Clinicopathological correlation in symptomatic dystonia. , 1988, Advances in neurology.

[24]  T. Wichmann,et al.  GABAergic circuits in the basal ganglia and movement disorders. , 2007, Progress in brain research.

[25]  G. S. Connor,et al.  A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of topiramate treatment for essential tremor , 2002, Neurology.

[26]  F. Micheli,et al.  Dystonia and tremor secondary to a pediatric thalamic stroke. , 1998, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[27]  J. Kulisevsky,et al.  Bipolar affective disorder and unilateral parkinsonism after a brainstem infarction , 1995, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[28]  J. Wattis,et al.  Antipsychotic prescribing in older people. , 2003, Age and ageing.

[29]  J. Caviness,et al.  Myoclonus: current concepts and recent advances , 2004, The Lancet Neurology.

[30]  M. Barr,et al.  The human nervous system: An anatomic viewpoint , 1972 .

[31]  K. Sethi,et al.  Inconsistent response to divalproex sodium in hemichorea/hemiballism , 1990, Neurology.

[32]  A. Ferbert,et al.  Tremor due to stroke , 1993, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[33]  A. Crossman Functional anatomy of movement disorders , 2000, Journal of anatomy.

[34]  G. Sawle Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice , 1999 .

[35]  P. Pal,et al.  A clinical profile of 103 patients with secondary movement disorders: correlation of etiology with phenomenology , 2012, European journal of neurology.

[36]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Functional reorganization of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man , 1992, Annals of neurology.

[37]  A. Handley,et al.  Movement disorders after stroke. , 2008, Age and ageing.

[38]  G. Lenzi,et al.  Functional MRI, Drugs, and Poststroke Recovery , 2006, Clinical and experimental hypertension.

[39]  Hemicorea postictus: estudio observacional de 15 casos , 2010 .

[40]  U. Utku,et al.  Two Patients with Tremor Caused by Cortical Lesions , 2006, European Neurology.

[41]  J. Kepes,et al.  Parkinsonism due to a basal ganglia lacunar state , 1990, Neurology.

[42]  F. Micheli,et al.  Unusual forehead tremor in a patient with essential tremor , 2004, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[43]  M. Elia Myoclonic status in nonprogressive encephalopathies: An update , 2009, Epilepsia.

[44]  D. Gitelman,et al.  Perfusion insufficiency in limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks. , 1990, Stroke.

[45]  B. Lin,et al.  Forebrain Ischemia Triggers GABAergic System Degeneration in Substantia Nigra at Chronic Stages in Rats , 2010, Cardiovascular psychiatry and neurology.

[46]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Hemidystonia: a report of 22 patients and a review of the literature. , 1985, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[47]  Alexander Münchau,et al.  Natural history and syndromic associations of orthostatic tremor: A review of 41 patients , 2004, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[48]  F. Alarcón,et al.  Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients , 2004, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[49]  J. Bogousslavsky,et al.  Hyperkinetic movement disorders during and after acute stroke: The Lausanne Stroke Registry , 1997, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[50]  O. Molina,et al.  Comparison of the efficacy of carbamazepine, haloperidol and valproic acid in the treatment of children with Sydenham's chorea: clinical follow-up of 18 patients. , 2002, Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria.

[51]  J. Kulisevsky,et al.  Unilateral parkinsonism and stereotyped movements following a right lenticular infarction , 1996, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[52]  T. Sanger,et al.  Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications , 2011, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[53]  V. Mor,et al.  Cerebrovascular events among elderly nursing home patients treated with conventional or atypical antipsychotics. , 2005, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[54]  P. Rossini,et al.  Post-stroke plastic reorganisation in the adult brain , 2003, The Lancet Neurology.

[55]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism. , 1999, Archives of neurology.

[56]  S Fahn,et al.  The natural history and treatment of acquired hemidystonia: report of 33 cases and review of the literature , 2002, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[57]  Naguib Mechawar Barr's The Human Nervous System—An Anatomical Viewpoint, 8th ed., J.A. Kiernan (Ed.) (2005), ISBN: 0-7817-5154-3 , 2007 .

[58]  G. De Sarro,et al.  Use of Antiepileptic Drugs for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders , 2010, Current neuropharmacology.

[59]  B. Johansson Regeneration and Plasticity in the Brain and Spinal Cord , 2007, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[60]  L. Defebvre,et al.  Dystonia after striatopallidal and thalamic stroke: clinicoradiological correlations and pathophysiological mechanisms , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[61]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Tetrabenazine therapy of dystonia, chorea, tics, and other dyskinesias , 1988, Neurology.

[62]  John A. Kiernan,et al.  Barr's The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint , 10/e , 2008 .

[63]  Woodbury Dm,et al.  Neuropharmacology and neurochemistry of anticonvulsant drugs. , 1959 .

[64]  B Malgrange,et al.  The anti‐epileptic drug levetiracetam reverses the inhibition by negative allosteric modulators of neuronal GABA‐ and glycine‐gated currents , 2002, British journal of pharmacology.

[65]  C. Marsden,et al.  The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[66]  L. Schöls,et al.  Head tremor due to bilateral thalamic and midbrain infarction , 1995, Journal of Neurology.

[67]  N. Mercuri,et al.  Role of lifestyle factors on plasma homocysteine levels in Parkison's disease patients treated with levodopa , 2006, Nutritional neuroscience.

[68]  R. Rodnitzky,et al.  Moyamoya‐induced paroxysmal dyskinesia , 2003, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[69]  Rick M Dijkhuizen,et al.  Correlation between Brain Reorganization, Ischemic Damage, and Neurologic Status after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[70]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias. , 2003, Seminars in pediatric neurology.

[71]  Disappearance of resting tremor after thalamic stroke involving the territory of the tuberothalamic artery. , 2008, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[72]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Hemiballism-hemichorea. Clinical and pharmacologic findings in 21 patients. , 1989, Archives of neurology.

[73]  Daniel Tarsy,et al.  Topiramate in Essential Tremor: Findings from Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trials , 2008, Clinical neuropharmacology.

[74]  V. Fung,et al.  Movement disorder emergencies , 2005, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[75]  A. Albanese,et al.  A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS‐ES Task Force , 2006, European journal of neurology.

[76]  G. Kartje,et al.  Neuronal Plasticity and Functional Recovery After Ischemic Stroke , 2008, Topics in stroke rehabilitation.

[77]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Individual patterns of functional reorganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infraction , 1993, Annals of neurology.

[78]  Jong S. Kim,et al.  Delayed onset mixed involuntary movements after thalamic stroke: clinical, radiological and pathophysiological findings. , 2001, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[79]  J. Millichap Classification of Paroxysmal Dyskinesias , 1995 .

[80]  E. Kılıç,et al.  Risperidone attenuates brain damage after focal cerebral ischemia in vivo , 2006, Brain Research Bulletin.

[81]  H. Shibasaki,et al.  Clinical trial of piracetam in patients with myoclonus: Nationwide multiinstitution study in Japan , 1996, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[82]  P. M. Fitzgerald,et al.  Lower body parkinsonism: Evidence for vascular etiology , 1989, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[83]  J. Houeto,et al.  Unilateral parkinsonism following a large infarct in the territory of the lenticulostriate arteries , 1997, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[84]  R. Bhidayasiri,et al.  Chorea and related disorders , 2004, Postgraduate Medical Journal.

[85]  F. Micheli,et al.  Vascular hemichorea/hemiballismus and topiramate. , 2006 .

[86]  S Fahn,et al.  Concept and classification of dystonia. , 1988, Advances in neurology.

[87]  G. Krauss,et al.  Similarities in Mechanisms and Treatments for Epileptic and Nonepileptic Myoclonus , 2003, Epilepsy currents.

[88]  M. Brilliant,et al.  Mice devoid of gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor beta3 subunit have epilepsy, cleft palate, and hypersensitive behavior. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[89]  M. Hallett,et al.  Electrophysiological studies of myoclonus , 2000, Muscle & nerve.

[90]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Topiramate in essential tremor , 2006, Neurology.

[91]  W. Schäbitz,et al.  Olanzapine attenuates brain damage after focal cerebral ischemia in vivo , 2006, Brain Research Bulletin.

[92]  H. Bozdemir,et al.  Vascular parkinsonism: a distinct, heterogeneous clinical entity , 2001, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[93]  V. Kostic,et al.  Long-Term Prognosis of Vascular Hemiballismus , 2002, Stroke.

[94]  H. Miwa,et al.  Thalamic tremor , 1996, Neurology.

[95]  M. S. Lee,et al.  Movement disorders following lesions of the thalamus or subthalamic region , 1994, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[96]  P. Duncan,et al.  Defining post-stroke recovery: implications for design and interpretation of drug trials , 2000, Neuropharmacology.

[97]  J. Hawley,et al.  Hemiballismus: current concepts and review. , 2012, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[98]  S. Chung,et al.  Hemichorea after stroke: Clinical-radiological correlation , 2004, Journal of Neurology.