The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part II. Rapid prototyping techniques.

Tissue engineering (TE) is an important emerging area in biomedical engineering for creating biological alternatives for harvested tissues, implants, and prostheses. In TE, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix or scaffold is required to accommodate mammalian cells and guide their growth and tissue regeneration in three-dimension (3D). However, existing 3D scaffolds for TE proved less than ideal for actual applications because they lack mechanical strength, interconnected channels, and controlled porosity or pores distribution. In this paper, the authors review the application and advancement of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the design and creation of synthetic scaffolds for use in TE. We also review the advantages and benefits, and limitations and shortcomings of current RP techniques as well as the future direction of RP development in TE scaffold fabrication.

[1]  D E Ingber,et al.  Hepatocyte culture on biodegradable polymeric substrates , 1991, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[2]  R Langer,et al.  Tissue engineering by cell transplantation using degradable polymer substrates. , 1991, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[3]  Joel W. Barlow,et al.  Selective Laser Sintering of Bioceramic Materials for Implants , 1993 .

[4]  H R Allcock,et al.  Design of synthetic polymeric structures for cell transplantation and tissue engineering. , 1993, Clinical materials.

[5]  Emanuel M. Sachs,et al.  Computer-derived microstructures by 3D Printing: Sio- and Structural Materials , 1994 .

[6]  Emanuel M. Sachs,et al.  Solid free-form fabrication of drug delivery devices , 1996 .

[7]  M. Cima,et al.  Mechanical properties of dense polylactic acid structures fabricated by three dimensional printing. , 1996, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[8]  J. W. Barlow,et al.  Biocompatibility of SLS-Formed Calcium Phosphate Implants , 1996 .

[9]  J. Tanaka,et al.  Preparation and mechanical properties of calcium phosphate/copoly-L-lactide composites , 1997, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[10]  John W. Halloran,et al.  Design and manufacture of an orbital floor scaffold using image processing and rapid prototyping , 1997 .

[11]  C M Langton,et al.  Development of a cancellous bone structural model by stereolithography for ultrasound characterisation of the calcaneus. , 1997, Medical engineering & physics.

[12]  Robert Langer,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Photo-Cross-Linked Polymers Based on Poly(l-lactic acid-co-l-aspartic acid) , 1997 .

[13]  Tien-Min G. Chu,et al.  CT-generated porous hydroxyapatite orbital floor prosthesis as a prototype bioimplant. , 1997, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[14]  Amit Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Processing of Bioceramic Implants Via Fused Deposition Process , 1998 .

[15]  Richard P. Chartoff,et al.  Automated Fabrication of Nonresorbable Bone Implants Using Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) , 1998 .

[16]  J. Halloran,et al.  Ceramic SFF by direct and indirect stereolithography , 1998 .

[17]  Chee Kai Chua,et al.  A study of the state-of-the-art rapid prototyping technologies , 1998 .

[18]  M. Sefton,et al.  Tissue engineering. , 1998, Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery.

[19]  Y. Koyama,et al.  Preparation and Biocompatibility of β-Tricalcium-Phosphate/Copolymerized-Poly-L-Lactide Composite , 1998 .

[20]  George John,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Photo-Cross-Linked Networks Based on l-Lactide/Serine Copolymers† , 1999 .

[21]  Stephen E. Feinberg,et al.  An image-based approach for designing and manufacturing craniofacial scaffolds. , 2000, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[22]  K. Leong,et al.  The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors. , 2001, Tissue engineering.

[23]  Constance M. Chen,et al.  New directions in bioabsorbable technology. , 2002, Orthopedics.

[24]  Biomimetic Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Scaffolds with Interconnected Macropores, Collagen-Like Nano-Scale Fibers, and Bone-Like Apatite , 2002 .

[25]  Leong Kah Fai,et al.  Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications in Manufacturing , 2003 .

[26]  Vladimir Mironov,et al.  Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. , 2003, Trends in biotechnology.

[27]  E. D. Rekow,et al.  Performance of hydroxyapatite bone repair scaffolds created via three-dimensional fabrication techniques. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[28]  D. Howard,et al.  Natural marine sponge fiber skeleton: a biomimetic scaffold for human osteoprogenitor cell attachment, growth, and differentiation. , 2003, Tissue engineering.

[29]  P H Krebsbach,et al.  Indirect solid free form fabrication of local and global porous, biomimetic and composite 3D polymer-ceramic scaffolds. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[30]  J. Karp,et al.  Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering , 2003 .

[31]  Matthew J. Dalby,et al.  Cell behaviour of rat calvaria bone cells on surfaces with random nanometric features , 2003 .

[32]  Thermally reversible polymer gel for chondrocyte culture. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[33]  Vladimir Mironov,et al.  Printing technology to produce living tissue , 2003, Expert opinion on biological therapy.

[34]  Fabrication of cellular poly-/spl isin/-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds by precision extruding deposition process , 2003, 2003 IEEE 29th Annual Proceedings of Bioengineering Conference.

[35]  Teruo Okano,et al.  Challenge to Tissue Engineering , 2003 .

[36]  A.C.W. Lau,et al.  Precision extruding deposition and characterization of cellular poly‐ε‐caprolactone tissue scaffolds , 2004 .

[37]  A J Verbout,et al.  Design and fabrication of standardized hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a defined macro-architecture by rapid prototyping for bone-tissue-engineering research. , 2004, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.