In situ synthesis of a bio-cellulose/titanium dioxide nanocomposite by using a cell-free system

In the current study, nanocomposites of bio-cellulose with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) were synthesized by an in situ strategy using a cell-free system. The system was developed from Gluconacetobacter hansenii PJK through bead beating. A suspension of TiO2-NPs was prepared in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and added to the cell-free extract of G. hansenii PJK. The bio-cellulose/TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized at 30 °C, pH 5.0 for 5 days (bio-cellulose/TiO2-I), 10 days (bio-cellulose/TiO2-II), and 15 days (bio-cellulose/TiO2-III) using 10 g L−1 glucose. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) confirmed the structural features and impregnation of TiO2-NPs into the bio-cellulose matrix. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Ti–O groups in the chemical structure of the nanocomposite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the presence of specific peaks for bio-cellulose and TiO2-NPs in the nanocomposite. The TiO2-NP uptake by bio-cellulose was greatly increased with time and 40 ± 1.6% of the initially added nanoparticles were successfully impregnated into the nanocomposite after 15 days of incubation. NP release analysis revealed minute detachment though a prolonged treatment time of 10 days. The synthesized nanocomposite showed better thermal and mechanical properties compared to pure bio-cellulose. The antibacterial test revealed impressive results where the inhibition zones produced against E. coli by bio-cellulose, bio-cellulose/TiO2-I, bio-cellulose/TiO2-II, and bio-cellulose/TiO2-III were zero, 2.1 cm, 2.5 cm, and 3.7 cm, respectively. The current strategy can be effectively employed for the development of composite materials of biopolymers with several kinds of bactericidal elements.

[1]  T. Khan,et al.  The structure and physical properties of glucuronic acid oligomers produced by a Gluconacetobacter hansenii strain using the waste from beer fermentation broth , 2008 .

[2]  R. Brown,et al.  Microbial cellulose--the natural power to heal wounds. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[3]  M. Ul-Islam,et al.  Effect of post-synthetic processing conditions on structural variations and applications of bacterial cellulose , 2013, Cellulose.

[4]  H. Bungay,et al.  Composites of bacterial cellulose and paper made with a rotating disk bioreactor , 2003, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[5]  Jian Shen,et al.  The photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of neodymium and iodine doped TiO(2) nanoparticles. , 2010, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[6]  Weihua Tang,et al.  The influence of fermentation conditions and post-treatment methods on porosity of bacterial cellulose membrane , 2009 .

[7]  F. Yusof,et al.  Improving the Polypropylene-Clay Composite Using Carbon Nanotubes as Secondary Filler , 2010 .

[8]  S. Kaewnopparat,et al.  Behavior of Freezable Bound Water in the Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Acetobacter xylinum: An Approach Using Thermoporosimetry , 2008, AAPS PharmSciTech.

[9]  D. Fernig,et al.  A rapid method to estimate the concentration of citrate capped silver nanoparticles from UV-visible light spectra. , 2014, The Analyst.

[10]  R. Khajavi,et al.  The effects of cotton gauze coating with microbial cellulose , 2010 .

[11]  Mazhar Ul-Islam,et al.  Structural and physico-mechanical characterization of bio-cellulose produced by a cell-free system. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[12]  Hongwei Ni,et al.  Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[13]  Rajeshwari Sharma,et al.  Effect of SDS concentration on colloidal suspensions of Ag and Au nanoparticles. , 2015, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[14]  C. Laurencin,et al.  Cellulose and collagen derived micro-nano structured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2013, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[15]  K. Zia,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/bentonite nanoclay based nanocomposites using toluene diisocyanate , 2014, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.

[16]  Thawatchai Maneerung,et al.  Impregnation of silver nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial wound dressing , 2008 .

[17]  Haijun Zhang,et al.  A comparison of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy for cancer. , 2014, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[18]  Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,et al.  Biopolymer−Clay Nanocomposites Based on Chitosan Intercalated in Montmorillonite , 2003 .

[19]  T. Khan,et al.  Physicochemical and mechanical characterization of bacterial cellulose produced with an excellent productivity in static conditions using a simple fed-batch cultivation strategy , 2010 .

[20]  Muhammad Wajid Ullah,et al.  Innovative production of bio-cellulose using a cell-free system derived from a single cell line. , 2015, Carbohydrate polymers.

[21]  Y. Dahman.  Nanostructured biomaterials and biocomposites from bacterial cellulose nanofibers. , 2009, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[22]  G. Stucky,et al.  Benzyl alcohol and titanium tetrachloride - A versatile reaction system for the nonaqueous and low-temperature preparation of crystalline and luminescent titania nanoparticles , 2002 .

[23]  Muhammad Wajid Ullah,et al.  Yeast cell-free enzyme system for bio-ethanol production at elevated temperatures , 2014 .

[24]  M. Tadé,et al.  Glycerol/starch/Na+-montmorillonite nanocomposites: A XRD, FTIR, DSC and 1H NMR study , 2011 .

[25]  M. Ul-Islam,et al.  Effects of glucuronic acid oligomers on the production, structure and properties of bacterial cellulose. , 2013, Carbohydrate polymers.

[26]  S. Khan,et al.  Bacterial cellulose-titanium dioxide nanocomposites: nanostructural characteristics, antibacterial mechanism, and biocompatibility , 2015, Cellulose.

[27]  Zarrindokht Emami‐Karvani,et al.  Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria , 2012 .

[28]  D. Park,et al.  Estimation on metabolic pathway of Pseudomonas sp. SMIC-3 for 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone based on physiological and biochemical analyses , 2014, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.

[29]  Sheng-Chi Wu,et al.  Application of bacterial cellulose pellets in enzyme immobilization , 2008 .

[30]  John H. Xin,et al.  Surface functionalization of cellulose fibers with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their combined bactericidal activities , 2005 .

[31]  P. Tamilselvi,et al.  Titania Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Technique , 2012 .

[32]  Mazhar Ul-Islam,et al.  Effect of chitosan penetration on physico-chemical and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose , 2011 .

[33]  Yeu‐Chun Kim,et al.  Improvement of fermentative production of exopolysaccharides from Aureobasidium pullulans under various conditions , 2014, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.

[34]  S. Khan,et al.  Encapsulated yeast cell-free system: A strategy for cost-effective and sustainable production of bio-ethanol in consecutive batches , 2015, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.

[35]  G. Torri,et al.  Structural differences between non-wood plant celluloses: evidence from solid state NMR, vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry , 2001 .

[36]  Haiyang Li,et al.  Determination of the stoichiometry and critical oxygen tension in the production culture of bacterial cellulose using saccharified food wastes , 2011 .

[37]  R. Velmurugan,et al.  Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites and Hybrids: Synthesis and Characterization , 2009 .

[38]  Joong Kon Park,et al.  Effect of reactor surface on production of bacterial cellulose and water soluble oligosaccharides by Gluconacetobacter hansenii PJK , 2010 .

[39]  Rachel Lubart,et al.  Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Nanocrystalline ZnO Due to Increased ROS‐Mediated Cell Injury , 2009 .

[40]  Shih-bin Lin,et al.  Modifying bacterial cellulose with gelatin peptides for improved rehydration , 2013, Cellulose.

[41]  Taous Khan,et al.  Water holding and release properties of bacterial cellulose obtained by in situ and ex situ modification , 2012 .

[42]  A. S. Bawa,et al.  Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals exhibiting high thermal stability and their polymer nanocomposites. , 2011, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[43]  H. Schlegel,et al.  A model for adhesion-producing interactions of zinc oxide surfaces with alcohols, amines, and alkenes , 1994 .

[44]  Joong Kon Park,et al.  Metabolic engineering of synthetic cell-free systems: Strategies and applications , 2016 .

[45]  Aloña Retegi,et al.  Conductive properties of TiO2/bacterial cellulose hybrid fibres. , 2012, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[46]  J. Yi,et al.  Effect of Chemical Stabilizers in Silver Nanoparticle Suspensions on Nanotoxicity , 2011 .

[47]  Xin Wang,et al.  Bacterial cellulose/TiO2 hybrid nanofibers prepared by the surface hydrolysis method with molecular precision. , 2010, Nanoscale.

[48]  S. Khan,et al.  Bio-ethanol production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using an encapsulated reconstituted cell-free enzyme system , 2014 .

[49]  T. Hanemann,et al.  Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites: From Synthesis to Modern Applications , 2010, Materials.

[50]  Y. Sugano,et al.  Recent advances in bacterial cellulose production , 2005 .

[51]  Benjamin Gilbert,et al.  Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties. , 2008, ACS nano.

[52]  Shaozao Tan,et al.  Preparation and Photocatalysis Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/TiO2 Composite Membrane Doped with Rare Earth Elements , 2011 .

[53]  Shiyan Chen,et al.  In situ synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose membranes , 2009 .

[54]  Muhammad Wajid Ullah,et al.  Synthesis of regenerated bacterial cellulose-zinc oxide nanocomposite films for biomedical applications , 2014, Cellulose.

[55]  E. Srasra,et al.  Kinetics and equilibrium studies on removal of methylene blue and methyl orange by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from date pits-A comparative study , 2015, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.