Normal values of right ventricular size and function by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND Assessment of right ventricular function by 2-dimensional echocardiography (2DECHO) is difficult because of its complex shape. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DECHO) may be superior. METHODS End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction obtained by 2DECHO, RT3DECHO short-axis disk summation (DS), and RT3DECHO apical rotation were compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in 71 healthy individuals. RESULTS RT3DECHO DS showed less volume underestimation compared with 2DECHO and RT3DECHO apical rotation. Test-retest variability for RT3DECHO DS end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were 3.3%, 8.7%, 10%, and 10.3%, respectively. Normal reference ranges of indexed volumes (mean +/- 2SD) for right ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were 38.6 to 92.2 mL/m(2), 7.8 to 50.6 mL/m(2), 22.5 to 42.9 mL/m(2), and 38.0% to 65.3%, respectively, for women and 47.0 to 100 mL/m(2), 23.0 to 52.6 mL/m(2), 14.2 to 48.4 mL/m(2), and 29.9% to 58.4%, respectively, for men. CONCLUSIONS RT3DECHO DS is superior to RT3DECHO apical rotation and 2DECHO for right ventricular quantification, and performs acceptably when compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in healthy individuals.

[1]  W. Parks,et al.  Three-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular volume in children with congenital heart disease validated by magnetic resonance imaging. , 1998, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[2]  T. Tsukamoto,et al.  Estimation of right ventricular volume by modified echocardiographic subtraction method. , 1992, American heart journal.

[3]  R. Pini,et al.  Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of left and right ventricles: in vitro validation and comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. , 1997, American heart journal.

[4]  N. Reichek,et al.  Two-dimensional and Doppler-echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization correlates of survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. , 1989, Circulation.

[5]  L. Boxt,et al.  Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular volume and function in patients with pulmonary hypertension , 1997, Cardiology in the Young.

[6]  H Katsume,et al.  Estimation of right ventricular volume with two dimensional echocardiography. , 1982, The American journal of cardiology.

[7]  Lemuel A Moyé,et al.  Right ventricular dysfunction and risk of heart failure and mortality after myocardial infarction. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[8]  W. Rau,et al.  Right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction with fast cine MR imaging in breath‐hold technique: Applicability, normal values from 52 volunteers, and evaluation of 325 adult cardiac patients , 1999, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[9]  M Jones,et al.  Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for determining right ventricular stroke volume in an animal model of chronic right ventricular volume overload. , 1998, Circulation.

[10]  F. Czegledy,et al.  Determination of right ventricular volume by two-dimensional echocardiography with a crescentic model. , 1989, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[11]  Wang Jing,et al.  Evaluation of right ventricular volume and systolic function by realtime three-dimensional echocardiography , 2008, Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences].

[12]  A. Weyman,et al.  Method for estimating right ventricular volume by planes applicable to cross-sectional echocardiography: correlation with angiographic formulas. , 1985, The American journal of cardiology.

[13]  H. Nakano,et al.  Right ventricular volume determination by two-dimensional echocardiography. , 1981, Journal of Edugeography.

[14]  S Effert,et al.  Echoventriculography — A Simultaneous Analysis of Two-dimensional Echocardiography and Cineventriculography , 1983, Circulation.

[15]  A. Laine,et al.  Segmentation of real-time three-dimensional ultrasound for quantification of ventricular function: a clinical study on right and left ventricles. , 2005, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[16]  S. Kaul,et al.  Sources of variability in the radionuclide angiographic assessment of ejection fraction: a comparison of first-pass and gated equilibrium techniques. , 1984, The American journal of cardiology.

[17]  Measurement of right ventricular mass and volume by three-dimensional echocardiography by freehand scanning , 2000, Computers in Cardiology 2000. Vol.27 (Cat. 00CH37163).

[18]  S. Colan,et al.  Two-dimensional echocardiographic estimation of right ventricular area change and ejection fraction in infants with systemic right ventricle (transposition of the great arteries or hypoplastic left heart syndrome). , 1985, The American journal of cardiology.

[19]  S. Denslow,et al.  Right ventricular volumes revisited: a simple model and simple formula for echocardiographic determination. , 1998, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[20]  E. E. van der Wall,et al.  Right ventricular function in congenital cardiac disease: noninvasive quantitative parameters for clinical follow-up , 2003, Cardiology in the Young.

[21]  D. King,et al.  Ultrasound beam orientation during standard two-dimensional imaging: assessment by three-dimensional echocardiography. , 1992, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[22]  R. Rowe,et al.  Right ventricular ejection fraction and volumes after mustard repair: correlation of two dimensional echocardiograms and cineangiograms. , 1981, American Journal of Cardiology.

[23]  S. Mohr-Kahaly,et al.  Quantitative assessment of right ventricular volumes in severe chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension using transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography: changes due to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. , 2002, European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology.

[24]  R G Gould,et al.  Measurement of right and left ventricular volumes in healthy individuals with cine MR imaging. , 1987, Radiology.

[25]  J. Weiss,et al.  Accuracy of Volume Determination by Two‐dimensional Echocardiography: Defining Requirements Under Controlled Conditions in the Ejecting Canine Left Ventricle , 1983, Circulation.

[26]  W. Moritz,et al.  A new three-dimensional echocardiographic method of right ventricular volume measurement: in vitro validation. , 1986, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[27]  R A Levine,et al.  Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of right ventricular volume: in vitro comparison with two-dimensional methods. , 1994, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[28]  F. Sheehan,et al.  Three-dimensional visual guidance improves the accuracy of calculating right ventricular volume with two-dimensional echocardiography. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[29]  S. Solomon,et al.  Right Ventricular Enlargement on Chest Computed Tomography: Prognostic Role in Acute Pulmonary Embolism , 2004, Circulation.

[30]  D F Leotta,et al.  Quantitative three-dimensional echocardiography by rapid imaging from multiple transthoracic windows: in vitro validation and initial in vivo studies. , 1997, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[31]  J. Ferlinz.  Measurements of right ventricular volumes in man from single plane cineangiograms. A comparison to the biplane approach. , 1977, American heart journal.

[32]  M. Marcus,et al.  Precision of measurements of right and left ventricular volume by cine computed tomography. , 1986, Circulation.

[33]  S. Plein,et al.  Normal human left and right ventricular dimensions for MRI as assessed by turbo gradient echo and steady‐state free precession imaging sequences , 2003, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[34]  S. Fujimoto,et al.  Estimation of the right ventricular volume and ejection fraction by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography , 1998, The International Journal of Cardiac Imaging.

[35]  Daniel E. Guyer,et al.  Echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular volume. , 1984, Circulation.

[36]  J. Katz,et al.  A new geometric description of the right ventricle. , 1993, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[37]  L Weinert,et al.  Determination of Right Atrial and Right Ventricular Size by Two-Dimensional Echocardiography , 1979, Circulation.

[38]  N Hosten,et al.  Comparison of transthoracic three dimensional echocardiography with magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of right ventricular volume and mass. , 1997, Heart.

[39]  J C Buckey,et al.  Right and left ventricular volumes in vitro by a new nongeometric method. , 1987, American journal of cardiac imaging.

[40]  G Stetten,et al.  Real-time, three-dimensional echocardiography: feasibility of dynamic right ventricular volume measurement with saline contrast. , 1999, American heart journal.

[41]  A. Heusch,et al.  Volumetric analysis of the right ventricle in children with congenital heart defects: comparison of biplane angiography and transthoracic 3-dimensional echocardiography , 1999, Cardiology in the Young.

[42]  James C Moon,et al.  Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. , 2004, American heart journal.

[43]  A. M. Messner,et al.  Algorithm 550: Solid Polyhedron Measures [Z] , 1980, TOMS.

[44]  S. Schindera,et al.  Accuracy of Real‐time Three‐dimensional Echocardiography for Quantifying Right Ventricular Volume , 2002, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.