Use Case Evaluation (UCE): A Method for Early Usability Evaluation in Software Development

It is often argued that usability problems should be identified as early as possible during software development, but many usability evaluation methods do not fit well in early development activities. We propose a method for usability evaluation of use cases, a widely used representation of design ideas produced early in software development processes. The method proceeds by systematic inspection of use cases with reference to a set of guidelines for usable design. To validate the method, four evaluators inspected a set of use cases for a health care application. The usability problems predicted by the evaluators were compared to the result of a conventional think-aloud test. About one fourth of the problems were identified by both think-aloud testing and use case inspection; about half of the predicted problems not found by think-aloud testing were assessed as providing useful input to early development. Qualitative data on the evaluators' experience using the method are also presented. On this background, we argue that use case inspection has a promising potential and discuss its limitations.

[1]  Natalia Juristo Juzgado,et al.  Usability basics for software developers , 2001, IEEE Software.

[2]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  Improving a human-computer dialogue , 1990, CACM.

[3]  Cathleen Wharton,et al.  The cognitive walkthrough method: a practitioner's guide , 1994 .

[4]  Maria Kutar,et al.  Cognitive Dimensions of Notations: Design Tools for Cognitive Technology , 2001, Cognitive Technology.

[5]  T.M. Duffy,et al.  Scenario-Based Design: Envisioning Work and Technology in System Development [Book Review] , 1996, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication.

[6]  Ivar Jacobson,et al.  Object-oriented development in an industrial environment , 1987, OOPSLA '87.

[7]  Jean Anderson,et al.  focus Usability Techniques into Software Development , 2001 .

[8]  Larry L. Constantine,et al.  Software for Use - A Practical Guide to the Models and Methods of Usage-Centered Design , 1999 .

[9]  Bonnie E. John,et al.  Tracking the effectiveness of usability evaluation methods , 1997, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[10]  Yonglei Tao Developing Usable GUI Applications with Early Usability Evaluation , 2005, IASTED Conf. on Software Engineering.

[11]  Morten Hertzum,et al.  The Evaluator Effect: A Chilling Fact About Usability Evaluation Methods , 2001, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[12]  Lynne Hall,et al.  Changing Analysts' Tunes: The Surprising Impact of a New Instrument for Usability Inspection Method Assessment , 2004 .

[13]  Gilbert Cockton,et al.  Inspection-based evaluations , 2002 .

[14]  Gilbert Cockton,et al.  Reconditioned merchandise: extended structured report formats in usability inspection , 2004, CHI EA '04.

[15]  Ahmed Seffah,et al.  Comparing and reconciling usability-centered and use case-driven requirements engineering processes , 2001, Proceedings Second Australasian User Interface Conference. AUIC 2001.

[16]  Ivar Jacobson,et al.  The Unified Software Development Process , 1999 .

[17]  A. Strauss Basics Of Qualitative Research , 1992 .

[18]  Bente Anda,et al.  Towards an inspection technique for use case models , 2002, SEKE '02.

[19]  Jean Anderson,et al.  Integrating usability techniques into software development , 2001, IEEE Software.

[20]  Paula Kotzé,et al.  Combining UCMs and formal methods for representing and checking the validity of scenarios as user requirements , 2003 .

[21]  HoltzblattKaren,et al.  Rapid Contextual Design , 2005 .

[22]  Larry Constantine,et al.  Introducing usability , 2001 .

[23]  Natalia Juristo Juzgado,et al.  Guest Editors' Introduction: Introducing Usability , 2001, IEEE Softw..

[24]  Kasper Hornbæk,et al.  What do usability evaluators do in practice?: an explorative study of think-aloud testing , 2006, DIS '06.

[25]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  Usability inspection methods , 1994, CHI 95 Conference Companion.

[26]  Dominique L. Scapin,et al.  Ergonomic criteria for evaluating the ergonomic quality of interactive systems , 1997, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[27]  Craig Larman,et al.  Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and the Unified Process , 2001 .

[28]  Craig Larman,et al.  Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development (3rd Edition) , 1997 .

[29]  Morten Hertzum,et al.  Making use of scenarios: a field study of conceptual design , 2003, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[30]  J. Preece,et al.  The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook , 2003 .

[31]  Matthias Jarke,et al.  Scenario Management: An Interdisciplinary Approach , 1998, Requirements Engineering.

[32]  Jan Stage,et al.  The Interplay Between Usability Evaluation and User Interaction Design , 2006, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[33]  Jan Stage,et al.  Instant data analysis: conducting usability evaluations in a day , 2004, NordiCHI '04.

[34]  Steve Bennett,et al.  How natural is natural language?: how well do computer science students write use cases? , 2006, OOPSLA '06.

[35]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems , 1993, INTERCHI.

[36]  Joseph S. Dumas,et al.  User-based evaluations , 2002 .

[37]  Sandeep Purao,et al.  Situating evaluation in scenarios of use , 2004, CSCW.

[38]  Alistair Cockburn,et al.  Writing Effective Use Cases , 2000 .

[39]  James A. Landay,et al.  High-Fidelity or Low-Fidelity, Paper or Computer? Choosing Attributes when Testing Web Prototypes , 2002 .

[40]  Kasper Hornbæk,et al.  Two psychology-based usability inspection techniques studied in a diary experiment , 2004, NordiCHI '04.

[41]  Kurt Bittner,et al.  Use Case Modeling , 2002 .

[42]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  Heuristic Evaluation of Prototypes (individual) , 2022 .

[43]  Bonnie E. John,et al.  Evaluating a Multimedia Authoring Tool , 1997, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..