Eating Vegetables First Regardless of Eating Speed Has a Significant Reducing Effect on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Insulin in Young Healthy Women: Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study

People with fast eating habits have been reported to have an increased risk of diabetes and obesity. To explore whether the speed of eating a test meal (tomato, broccoli, fried fish, and boiled white rice) influences postprandial blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels, 18 young, healthy women consumed a 671 kcal breakfast at fast speed (10 min) and slow speed (20 min) with vegetables first and slow speed (20 min) with carbohydrate first on three separate days. This study was conducted using a within-participants cross-over design in which all participants consumed identical meals of three different eating speeds and food orders. Significant ameliorations of both fast and slow eating with vegetables first regimen on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels at 30 and 60 min were observed compared with those of slow eating with carbohydrates first. In addition, the standard deviation, large amplitude of excursion, and incremental area under the curve for blood glucose and insulin in both fast and slow eating with vegetables first were all significantly lower than those of slow eating with carbohydrate first. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between fast and slow eating on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels as long as vegetables were consumed first, although postprandial blood glucose at 30 min was significantly lower in slow eating with vegetables first than that of fast eating with the same food order. These results suggest that food order with vegetables first and carbohydrate last ameliorates postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations even if the meal was consumed at fast speed.

[1]  M. Fukui,et al.  Impact of Dietitian-Led Nutrition Therapy of Food Order on 5-Year Glycemic Control in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes at Primary Care Clinic: Retrospective Cohort Study , 2022, Nutrients.

[2]  I. Hirsch,et al.  The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) , 2021, Diabetologia.

[3]  L. Szablewski,et al.  Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer’s Disease , 2021, International journal of molecular sciences.

[4]  D. Rahelić,et al.  Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials , 2021, BMJ.

[5]  M. Albosta,et al.  Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians , 2021, Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology.

[6]  M. Fukui,et al.  Eating Fast Has a Significant Impact on Glycemic Excursion in Healthy Women: Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial , 2020, Nutrients.

[7]  H. Takase,et al.  Dietary instructions focusing on meal-sequence and nutritional balance for prediabetes subjects: An exploratory, cluster-randomized, prospective, open-label, clinical trial. , 2019, Journal of diabetes and its complications.

[8]  W. Willett,et al.  Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations , 2019, Nutrients.

[9]  B. Ahrén,et al.  Insulin and incretin hormone responses to rapid versus slow ingestion of a standardized solid breakfast in healthy subjects , 2019, Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism.

[10]  Geltrude Mingrone,et al.  Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) , 2018, Diabetes Care.

[11]  M. Olfert,et al.  Vegetarian Diets and the Risk of Diabetes , 2018, Current Diabetes Reports.

[12]  L. Igel,et al.  The impact of food order on postprandial glycaemic excursions in prediabetes , 2018, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

[13]  H. Fukuda,et al.  Effects of changes in eating speed on obesity in patients with diabetes: a secondary analysis of longitudinal health check-up data , 2018, BMJ Open.

[14]  Georg Hoffmann,et al.  Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies , 2017, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[15]  Y. Terauchi,et al.  Comparison of Plasma Glucose and Gut Hormone Levels Between Drinking Enteral Formula Over a Period of 5 and 20 Minutes in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study , 2016, Journal of clinical medicine research.

[16]  Benjamin Aribisala,et al.  Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders , 2016, Diabetes Care.

[17]  Hitoshi Kuwata,et al.  Meal sequence and glucose excursion, gastric emptying and incretin secretion in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, controlled crossover, exploratory trial , 2015, Diabetologia.

[18]  B. Goldacre,et al.  Rethinking the appraisal and approval of drugs for type 2 diabetes , 2015, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[19]  Jonathan D Buckley,et al.  Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. , 2015, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[20]  Y. Nishiwaki,et al.  Self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome in Japanese people: cross-sectional study , 2014, BMJ Open.

[21]  K. Turner,et al.  Changing eating behaviours to treat childhood obesity in the community using Mandolean: the Community Mandolean randomised controlled trial (ComMando)--a pilot study. , 2014, Health technology assessment.

[22]  F. Rutters,et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of eating rate on energy intake and hunger. , 2014, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[23]  M. Fukui,et al.  Effect of eating vegetables before carbohydrates on glucose excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes , 2013, Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition.

[24]  Dolores Corella,et al.  Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[25]  Zhao Li,et al.  Impact of Admission Glycemic Variability, Glucose, and Glycosylated Hemoglobin on Major Adverse Cardiac Events After Acute Myocardial Infarction , 2013, Diabetes Care.

[26]  M. Fukui,et al.  Eating vegetables before carbohydrates improves postprandial glucose excursions , 2013, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[27]  S. Hahn,et al.  Differences in the glucose-lowering efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors between Asians and non-Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2013, Diabetologia.

[28]  Satoshi Sasaki,et al.  Self-reported speed of eating and 7-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. , 2012, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[29]  D. Schwarzfuchs,et al.  Four-year follow-up after two-year dietary interventions. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  C. Horwath,et al.  Faster self-reported speed of eating is related to higher body mass index in a nationwide survey of middle-aged women. , 2011, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[31]  Hiroshi Une,et al.  Retrospective longitudinal study on the relationship between 8-year weight change and current eating speed , 2011, Appetite.

[32]  P. Clifton,et al.  Effects of a Protein Preload on Gastric Emptying, Glycemia, and Gut Hormones After a Carbohydrate Meal in Diet-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[33]  C. Miller,et al.  A diet containing food rich in soluble and insoluble fiber improves glycemic control and reduces hyperlipidemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[34]  Satoshi Sasaki,et al.  The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating until full : cross sectional survey , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[35]  D. Jenkins,et al.  Carbohydrate digestibility and metabolic effects. , 2007, The Journal of nutrition.

[36]  T. Gary,et al.  Have Americans increased their fruit and vegetable intake? The trends between 1988 and 2002. , 2007, American journal of preventive medicine.

[37]  Reawika Chaikomin,et al.  Effects of fat on gastric emptying of and the glycemic, insulin, and incretin responses to a carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[38]  R. Marfella,et al.  Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations Are Acutely Increased by Hyperglycemia in Humans: Role of Oxidative Stress , 2002, Circulation.

[39]  A. Ceriello The post‐prandial state and cardiovascular disease: relevance to diabetes mellitus , 2000, Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.

[40]  A. McElduff,et al.  Diabetes Control and Complications Trial , 1993 .

[41]  S. Genuth,et al.  The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[42]  L. Delahanty,et al.  Expanded role of the dietitian in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial: implications for clinical practice. The DCCT Research Group. , 1993, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[43]  R. Stone Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine , 1991 .

[44]  M. Fukui,et al.  Tomato juice preload has a significant impact on postprandial glucose concentration in healthy women: A randomized cross-over trial. , 2020, Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.

[45]  Hiroshi Obayashi,et al.  A simple meal plan of 'eating vegetables before carbohydrate' was more effective for achieving glycemic control than an exchange-based meal plan in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. , 2011, Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.

[46]  Mikel L. Forcada,et al.  ATLAS , 2011, EAMT.