Dendrimers: synthesis, applications, and properties

Dendrimers are nano-sized, radially symmetric molecules with well-defined, homogeneous, and monodisperse structure that has a typically symmetric core, an inner shell, and an outer shell. Their three traditional macromolecular architectural classes are broadly recognized to generate rather polydisperse products of different molecular weights. A variety of dendrimers exist, and each has biological properties such as polyvalency, self-assembling, electrostatic interactions, chemical stability, low cytotoxicity, and solubility. These varied characteristics make dendrimers a good choice in the medical field, and this review covers their diverse applications.

[1]  M. Markowicz,et al.  NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS: DENDRIMERS , 2011 .

[2]  Xiaomin Wang,et al.  Transdermal delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mediated by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. , 2007, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[3]  F. Diederich,et al.  Functional Dendrimers: Unique Biological Mimics , 1998 .

[4]  Donald A. Tomalia,et al.  The dendritic state , 2005 .

[5]  J. Parquette Dendrimers II. Architecture, Nanostructure and Supramolecular Chemistry. Topics in Current Chemistry. Volume 210 By Fritz Vögtle (University of Bonn). Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York. 2000. x + 312 pp. $199.00. ISBN 3-540-67097-1 , 2001 .

[6]  V. Balzani,et al.  Dendritic Bipyridine Ligands and Their Tris(Bipyridine)Ruthenium(II) Chelates—Syntheses, Absorption Spectra, and Photophysical Properties , 1997 .

[7]  S. Zimmerman Dendrimers in molecular recognition and self-assembly , 1997 .

[8]  A. Schätzlein,et al.  Dendrimers in gene delivery. , 2005, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[9]  P. Gennes,et al.  Statistics of « starburst » polymers , 1983 .

[10]  H.N.Patel and Dr. P.M.Patel DENDRIMER APPLICATIONS – A REVIEW , 2013 .

[11]  S. Zimmerman,et al.  Self-Assembly Mediated by the Donor−Donor−Acceptor·Acceptor−Acceptor−Donor (DDA·AAD) Hydrogen-Bonding Motif: Formation of a Robust Hexameric Aggregate , 1998 .

[12]  R. Ghotaslou,et al.  Molecular screening of virulence genes in high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in Northwest Iran. , 2012, Indian journal of medical microbiology.

[13]  S. Zimmerman,et al.  Applications of dendrimers in bio-organic chemistry. , 1998, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[14]  George R. Newkome,et al.  MICELLES. PART 1. CASCADE MOLECULES: A NEW APPROACH TO MICELLES. A (27)-ARBOROL , 1985 .

[15]  L. Klushin,et al.  Monte Carlo studies of dendrimer macromolecules , 1993 .

[16]  F. Lotfipour,et al.  Antibacterial activity of clarithromycin loaded PLGA nanoparticles. , 2012, Die Pharmazie.

[17]  E. Buhleier,et al.  "Cascade"- and "Nonskid-Chain-like" Syntheses of Molecular Cavity Topologies , 1978 .

[18]  R. Ghotaslou,et al.  Vancomycin-resistant enterococci among clinical isolates from north-west Iran: identification of therapeutic surrogates. , 2012, Journal of medical microbiology.

[19]  R. Liskamp,et al.  Synthesis and biological activity of polygalloyl-dendrimers as stable tannic acid mimics. , 2002, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[20]  J. Weidner Drug delivery. , 2001, Drug discovery today.

[21]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Preparation and in vitro evaluation of doxorubicin-loaded Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles modified with biocompatible copolymers , 2012, International journal of nanomedicine.

[22]  Mieczysław Maciejewski Concepts of Trapping Topologically by Shell Molecules , 1982 .

[23]  Abolfazl Akbarzadeh,et al.  An electrochemical immunosensor for digoxin using core–shell gold coated magnetic nanoparticles as labels , 2014, Molecular Biology Reports.

[24]  H. Yoon,et al.  Reversible affinity interactions of antibody molecules at functionalized dendrimer monolayer: affinity-sensing surface with reusability , 2002 .

[25]  Sujatha Kannan,et al.  Preparation, cellular transport, and activity of polyamidoamine-based dendritic nanodevices with a high drug payload. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[26]  A. Caminade,et al.  Designing dendrimers for ocular drug delivery. , 2010, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

[27]  James B. Mitchell,et al.  Spin-Labeled Dendrimers in EPR Imaging with Low Molecular Weight Nitroxides. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  R. Duncan,et al.  Dendrimer biocompatibility and toxicity. , 2005, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[29]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  PAMAM dendrimers augment inhibitory effects of curcumin on cancer cell proliferation: possible inhibition of telomerase. , 2013, Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP.

[30]  T. Emrick,et al.  Self-assembly of dendritic structures , 1999 .

[31]  N. Sohrabi,et al.  Basics of DNA biosensors and cancer diagnosis , 2016, Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology.

[32]  Diana Bohm,et al.  Dendrimers And Dendrons Concepts Syntheses Applications , 2016 .

[33]  G. Pasut,et al.  Polymer-drug conjugation, recent achievements and general strategies , 2007 .

[34]  Young Hwan Kim,et al.  Water soluble hyperbranched polyphenylene: "a unimolecular micelle?" , 1990 .

[35]  S. Farajnia,et al.  DETERMINATION OF INDICATOR BACTERIA IN PHARMACEUTICAL SAMPLES BY MULTIPLEX PCR , 2009 .

[36]  M. Bryszewska,et al.  Dendrimers: properties and applications. , 2001, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[37]  N. Turro,et al.  Characterization of Starburst Dendrimers by the EPR Technique. 1. Copper Complexes in Water Solution , 1994 .

[38]  J. Fréchet,et al.  Convergent dendrons and dendrimers: from synthesis to applications. , 2001, Chemical reviews.

[39]  M. Bhalgat,et al.  Molecular modeling of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Starburst™ dendrimers , 2000 .

[40]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Investigation of quadratic electro-optic effects and electro-absorption process in GaN/AlGaN spherical quantum dot , 2014, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[41]  J. Fréchet,et al.  Dendrimers and dendritic polymers in drug delivery. , 2005, Drug discovery today.

[42]  Steven C. Zimmerman,et al.  Dendrimers in Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecular Recognition to Self-Assembly. , 1997, Chemical reviews.

[43]  J. Behari,et al.  Application of Nanoparticles in Waste Water Treatment , 2008 .

[44]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Protein detection through different platforms of immuno-loop-mediated isothermal amplification , 2013, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[45]  Dendrimers as fluorescent sensors with signal amplification , 2000 .

[46]  Andreas D. Baxevanis,et al.  The Molecular Biology Database Collection: 2002 update , 2002, Nucleic Acids Res..

[47]  T. Aida,et al.  Polyion complex micelles entrapping cationic dendrimer porphyrin: effective photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer. , 2003, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[48]  C. Hawker,et al.  Preparation of polymers with controlled molecular architecture. A new convergent approach to dendritic macromolecules , 1990 .

[49]  M. Calin,et al.  Photodynamic therapy in oncology , 2006 .

[50]  K. Jamison,et al.  Manic-depressive illness and creativity. , 1995, Scientific American.

[51]  H. Ringsdorf Structure and properties of pharmacologically active polymers , 1975 .

[52]  E. W. Meijer,et al.  About Dendrimers: Structure, Physical Properties, and Applications. , 1999, Chemical reviews.

[53]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Inhibitory effects of β-cyclodextrin-helenalin complexes on H-TERT gene expression in the T47D breast cancer cell line - results of real time quantitative PCR. , 2013, Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP.

[54]  M. Brechbiel,et al.  Biodistribution of a 153Gd-Folate Dendrimer, Generation = 4, in Mice With Folate-Receptor Positive and Negative Ovarian Tumor Xenografts , 2002, Investigative radiology.

[55]  Hepeng Jia,et al.  China approves first gene therapy , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[56]  J. Kálal,et al.  Water Soluble Polymers for Medicine , 1978 .

[57]  Jeffrey S. Moore Shape‐Persistent Molecular Architectures of Nanoscale Dimension , 1998 .

[58]  C. Niemeyer,et al.  DNA microarrays with PAMAM dendritic linker systems. , 2002, Nucleic acids research.

[59]  W. L. Jorgensen Supramolecular chemistry. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticles: preparation, physical properties, and applications in biomedicine , 2012, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[61]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Inhibition of leptin and leptin receptor gene expression by silibinin-curcumin combination. , 2013, Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP.

[62]  Michael Rubinstein,et al.  A Self-Consistent Mean Field Model of a Starburst Dendrimer: Dense Core vs Dense Shell , 1996 .

[63]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  In Vitro Studies of NIPAAM-MAA-VP Copolymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Controlled Anticancer Drug Release* , 2013 .

[64]  H. Ringsdorf,et al.  Watersoluble polymers in medicine , 1984 .

[65]  R. Haag,et al.  Dendritic polymers in biomedical applications: from potential to clinical use in diagnostics and therapy. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[66]  Abolfazl Akbarzadeh,et al.  PLGA-based nanoparticles as cancer drug delivery systems. , 2013, Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP.

[67]  Xu Tongwen,et al.  Transdermal delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mediated by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. , 2007 .

[68]  Donald A Tomalia,et al.  Dendrimers in biomedical applications--reflections on the field. , 2005, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[69]  Francis C Szoka,et al.  Biological evaluation of polyester dendrimer: poly(ethylene oxide) "bow-tie" hybrids with tunable molecular weight and architecture. , 2005, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[70]  K. Yarema,et al.  Dendrimers in Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis , 2007 .

[71]  James R. Dewald,et al.  A New Class of Polymers: Starburst-Dendritic Macromolecules , 1985 .

[72]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Synthesis, characterization and in vitro studies of doxorubicin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles grafted to smart copolymers on A549 lung cancer cell line , 2012, Journal of Nanobiotechnology.

[73]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of novel polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles for controlled delivery of doxorubicin. , 2012, Nanotechnology, science and applications.

[74]  P. Hodge Polymer science branches out , 1993, Nature.

[75]  K. Müllen,et al.  Peptide-functionalized polyphenylene dendrimers , 2003 .

[76]  I. Lin Dendrimers - Nanoparticles with Precisely Engineered Surfaces , 2005 .

[77]  Soodabeh Davaran,et al.  Quantum dots: synthesis, bioapplications, and toxicity , 2012, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[78]  F. Zeng,et al.  Dendrimers with anthyridine-based hydrogen-bonding units at their cores: Synthesis, complexation and self-assembly studies , 1997 .

[79]  Xian‐Zheng Zhang,et al.  Dendrimer/DNA complexes encapsulated functional biodegradable polymer for substrate‐mediated gene delivery , 2008, The journal of gene medicine.

[80]  Minakshi Garg,et al.  Poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer and dendrosome mediated genetic immunization against hepatitis B. , 2008, Vaccine.

[81]  S. Supattapone,et al.  Pharmacological approaches to prion research. , 2002, Biochemical pharmacology.

[82]  Kazunori Kataoka,et al.  Light-harvesting ionic dendrimer porphyrins as new photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. , 2003, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[83]  A. Caminade,et al.  Dendrimers containing heteroatoms (si, p, B, ge, or bi). , 1999, Chemical reviews.

[84]  J. Fréchet,et al.  Discovery of dendrimers and dendritic polymers: A brief historical perspective* , 2002 .

[85]  Donald A. Tomalia,et al.  Comb-burst dendrimer topology. New macromolecular architecture derived from dendritic grafting , 1991 .

[86]  H. Nakanishi,et al.  Synthesis and biological studies of 5-aminolevulinic acid-containing dendrimers for photodynamic therapy. , 2001, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[87]  D. Tomalia Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistry , 2005 .

[88]  N. Turro,et al.  Characterization of Starburst Dendrimers by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. 2. Positively Charged Nitroxide Radicals of Variable Chain Length Used as Spin Probes , 1995 .

[89]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Inhibition of hTERT Gene Expression by Silibinin-Loaded PLGA-PEG-Fe3O4 in T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line. , 2017, BioImpacts : BI.

[90]  Jean M. J. Fréchet,et al.  Dendrimers and other dendritic polymers , 2001 .

[91]  Soodabeh Davaran,et al.  Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications , 2013, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[92]  R. Zhuo,et al.  Dendrimer/DNA complexes encapsulated in a water soluble polymer and supported on fast degrading star poly(DL-lactide) for localized gene delivery. , 2007, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[93]  H. Gibson,et al.  Molecular self‐assembly of dendrimers, non‐covalent polymers and polypseudorotaxanes , 2000 .

[94]  M. Grinstaff,et al.  Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of dendrimers for cancer treatment. , 2008, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[95]  Michael B. Hall,et al.  Dendritic macromolecules: synthesis of starburst dendrimers , 1986 .

[96]  P. Froehling Dendrimers and dyes: a review , 2001 .

[97]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Studies of the Relationship Between Structure and Antioxidant Activity in interesting systems, including tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol derivatives Indicated by quantum chemical calculations , 2013 .

[98]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Biodegradable Star-Shaped Poly Lactide-Co-Glycolide-β-Cyclodextrin Copolymer Nanoparticles Containing Albumin , 2014 .