Modeling induction and routing to monitor hospitalized patients in multi-hop mobility-aware body area sensor networks

In wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs), energy efficiency is an area of extreme significance. At first, we present a mathematical model for a non-invasive inductive link which is used to recharge the battery of an implanted biomedical device (pacemaker). Afterwards, we propose a distance-aware relaying energy-efficient (DARE) and mutual information-based DARE (MI-DARE) routing protocols for multihop mobility-aware body area sensor networks (MM-BASNs). Both the routing protocols and the non-invasive inductive link model are tested with the consideration of eight patients in a hospital unit under different topologies, where the vital signs of each patient are monitored through seven on-body sensors and an implanted pacemaker. To reduce energy consumption of the network, the sensors communicate with a sink via an on-body relay which is fixed on the chest of each patient. The behavior (static/mobile) and position of the sink are changed in each topology, and the impact of mobility due to postural changes of the patient(s) arms, legs, and head is also investigated. The MI-DARE protocol further prolongs the network lifetime by minimizing the number of transmissions. Simulation results show that the proposed techniques outperform contemporary schemes in terms of the selected performance metrics.

[1]  Ingrid Moerman,et al.  Characterization of On-Body Communication Channel and Energy Efficient Topology Design for Wireless Body Area Networks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[2]  Ahmed Mehaoua,et al.  Energy-aware topology design for wireless body area networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[3]  Romano Fantacci.  Proceedings of the ICST 2nd international conference on Body area networks , 2007 .

[4]  Jiun-Jian Liaw,et al.  The Lifetime Extension of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Energy Allocation by Distance , 2013, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[5]  Luis Alonso,et al.  A Survey on M2M Systems for mHealth: A Wireless Communications Perspective , 2014, Sensors.

[6]  M. Samet,et al.  Design of Wireless Power and Data Transmission Circuits for Implantable Biomicrosystem , 2007 .

[7]  Jonathan Rodriguez,et al.  Energy Efficient and Load Balanced Routing for Wireless Multihop Network Applications , 2014, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[8]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Towards Reliable and Energy-Efficient Incremental Cooperative Communication for Wireless Body Area Networks , 2016, Sensors.

[9]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Distance Aware Relaying Energy-Efficient: DARE to Monitor Patients in Multi-hop Body Area Sensor Networks , 2013, 2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications.

[10]  Hussnain Ali,et al.  Inductive link design for medical implants , 2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics & Applications.

[11]  Lynda Mokdad,et al.  Performance evaluation of lifetime‐driven admission control for infrastructure‐less clustered wireless networks , 2013, Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp..

[12]  Luis Alonso,et al.  Connectivity of large-scale WSNs in fading environments under different routing mechanisms , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[13]  Luis Alonso,et al.  Information Exchange in Randomly Deployed Dense WSNs With Wireless Energy Harvesting Capabilities , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[14]  Sridhar Radhakrishnan,et al.  Energy-efficient routing in Wireless Sensor Networks for delay sensitive applications , 2010, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[15]  Chun Chen,et al.  Secure and Lightweight Network Admission and Transmission Protocol for Body Sensor Networks , 2013, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[16]  P. Demeester,et al.  The Need for Cooperation and Relaying in Short-Range High Path Loss Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007).

[17]  Jian Tang,et al.  Sensing as a Service: Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[18]  Kunihiro Chihara,et al.  Embedded Ubiquitous Services on Hospital Information Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[19]  Hongke Zhang,et al.  Wireless-Sensor-Networks-based healthcare system: a survey on the view of communication paradigms , 2011, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[20]  Hussnain Ali,et al.  Mathematical modeling of an inductive link for optimizing efficiency , 2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics & Applications.

[21]  Qiang Wang,et al.  A distributed wireless body area network for medical supervision , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings.

[22]  S. J. Redmond,et al.  Sensors-Based Wearable Systems for Monitoring of Human Movement and Falls , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[23]  Z. Abbas,et al.  M-ATTEMPT: A New Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks , 2012, ANT/SEIT.

[24]  E. Jovanov,et al.  A WBAN-based System for Health Monitoring at Home , 2006, 2006 3rd IEEE/EMBS International Summer School on Medical Devices and Biosensors.

[25]  Chia-Tai Chan,et al.  A Reliable Transmission Protocol for ZigBee-Based Wireless Patient Monitoring , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[26]  Jalel Ben-Othman,et al.  Self-stabilizing algorithm for efficient topology control in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, J. Comput. Sci..

[27]  C. Dehollain,et al.  Inductive Power Link for a Wireless Cortical Implant With Two-Body Packaging , 2011, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[28]  Pejman Khadivi,et al.  Using relay network to increase life time in wireless body area sensor networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks & Workshops.

[29]  Baozhi Chen,et al.  Patient vital signs monitoring using Wireless Body Area Networks , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 36th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC).

[30]  O Paiva,et al.  Concept, design and fabrication of smart orthopedic implants. , 2000, Medical engineering & physics.

[31]  Zahoor Ali Khan,et al.  ZEQoS: A New Energy and QoS-Aware Routing Protocol for Communication of Sensor Devices in Healthcare System , 2014, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[32]  Ashraf Darwish,et al.  Wearable and Implantable Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Healthcare Monitoring , 2011, Sensors.

[33]  Dominique Barthel,et al.  AnyBody: a self-organization protocol for body area networks , 2007, BODYNETS.

[34]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Non-invasive Induction Link Model for Implantable Biomedical Microsystems: Pacemaker to Monitor Arrhythmic Patients in Body Area Networks , 2013, 2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications.

[35]  M. Sgroi,et al.  From Modeling to Implementation of Virtual Sensors in Body Sensor Networks , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[36]  Christos V. Verikoukis,et al.  Cooperative Energy Harvesting-Adaptive MAC Protocol for WBANs , 2015, Sensors.

[37]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  A Fatigue Measuring Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks , 2015, Journal of Medical Systems.

[38]  Long Tang,et al.  Instantaneous Real-Time Kinematic Decimeter-Level Positioning with BeiDou Triple-Frequency Signals over Medium Baselines , 2015, Sensors.

[39]  Brice Augustin,et al.  Swarm intelligence routing approach in networked robots , 2012, Ann. des Télécommunications.

[40]  Luis Alonso,et al.  Wireless Energy Harvesting in Two-Way Network Coded Cooperative Communications: A Stochastic Approach for Large Scale Networks , 2014, IEEE Communications Letters.

[41]  Gill R. Tsouri,et al.  On Increasing Network Lifetime in Body Area Networks Using Global Routing with Energy Consumption Balancing , 2012, Sensors.

[42]  Mi Zhang,et al.  Human Daily Activity Recognition With Sparse Representation Using Wearable Sensors , 2013, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[43]  Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues,et al.  QoS-Aware Energy Management in Body Sensor Nodes Powered by Human Energy Harvesting , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[44]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Co-LAEEBA: Cooperative link aware and energy efficient protocol for wireless body area networks , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[45]  Fuhui Long,et al.  Feature selection based on mutual information criteria of max-dependency, max-relevance, and min-redundancy , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.