Chemotactic Guidance of Synthetic Organic/Inorganic Payloads Functionalized Sperm Micromotors

The preparation and operation of free swimming functionalized sperm micromotors (FSFSMs) as intelligent self‐guided biomotors with intrinsic chemotactic motile behavior are reported. The natural sperm biomotors are functionalized with a wide variety of synthetic nanoscale payloads, such as CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, doxorubicin hydrochloride drug coated iron‐oxide nanoparticles, and fluorescein isothiocyanate‐modified Pt nanoparticles via endocytosis. The FSFSMs display efficient self‐propulsion in various biological and environmental media with controllable swarming behavior upon exposure to a chemical attractant. As a new class of environmentally responsive smart biomotors, the control of the FSFSM speed is achieved by varying the solution osmolarity that leads to different flagellar lengths. High drug loading capacity and responsive release kinetics are obtained with such sperm biomotors. The transport of synthetic cargo can be guided by the intrinsic chemotaxis of the FSFSMs. The chemotactic characteristics, speed control mechanism, and responsive payload release of the FSFSMs are investigated. Such use of free swimming functionalized sperm cells as intelligent microscale biomotors offers considerable potential for diverse biomedical and environmental applications.

[1]  Salvador Pané,et al.  Recent developments in magnetically driven micro- and nanorobots , 2017 .

[2]  Qiang He,et al.  Chemotaxis-Guided Hybrid Neutrophil Micromotors for Targeted Drug Transport. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[3]  M. Medina‐Sánchez,et al.  Spermatozoa as Functional Components of Robotic Microswimmers , 2017, Advanced materials.

[4]  M. Sitti,et al.  Biohybrid Microtube Swimmers Driven by Single Captured Bacteria. , 2017, Small.

[5]  P. Harrison,et al.  Factors affecting the toxicity of trace metals to fertilization success in broadcast spawning marine invertebrates: A review. , 2017, Aquatic toxicology.

[6]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Micro/nanorobots for biomedicine: Delivery, surgery, sensing, and detoxification , 2017, Science Robotics.

[7]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Emerging materials for the fabrication of micro/nanomotors. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[8]  Tailin Xu,et al.  Enteric Micromotor Can Selectively Position and Spontaneously Propel in the Gastrointestinal Tract. , 2016, ACS nano.

[9]  M. Sitti,et al.  Magnetic propulsion of robotic sperms at low-Reynolds number , 2016 .

[10]  Kevin Kaufmann,et al.  Molybdenum Disulfide‐Based Tubular Microengines: Toward Biomedical Applications , 2016 .

[11]  Oliver G Schmidt,et al.  Medibots: Dual‐Action Biogenic Microdaggers for Single‐Cell Surgery and Drug Release , 2016, Advanced materials.

[12]  Samuel Sanchez,et al.  Biohybrid Janus Motors Driven by Escherichia coli , 2016 .

[13]  Oliver Lieleg,et al.  Enzymatically active biomimetic micropropellers for the penetration of mucin gels , 2015, Science Advances.

[14]  Huajian Gao,et al.  Physical Principles of Nanoparticle Cellular Endocytosis. , 2015, ACS nano.

[15]  Daniela A Wilson,et al.  Self-Guided Supramolecular Cargo-Loaded Nanomotors with Chemotactic Behavior towards Cells , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[16]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Fabrication of Micro/Nanoscale Motors. , 2015, Chemical reviews.

[17]  Liangfang Zhang,et al.  Artificial Micromotors in the Mouse’s Stomach: A Step toward in Vivo Use of Synthetic Motors , 2014, ACS nano.

[18]  Wei Gao,et al.  Turning erythrocytes into functional micromotors. , 2014, ACS nano.

[19]  Oliver G. Schmidt,et al.  Tubular micromotors: from microjets to spermbots , 2014, ROBIO 2014.

[20]  S. Barcikowski,et al.  Gold nanoparticles interfere with sperm functionality by membrane adsorption without penetration , 2014, Nanotoxicology.

[21]  Mingjun Xuan,et al.  Self-propelled Janus mesoporous silica nanomotors with sub-100 nm diameters for drug encapsulation and delivery. , 2014, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[22]  Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez,et al.  Nano/micromotors in (bio)chemical science applications. , 2014, Chemical reviews.

[23]  Fei Peng,et al.  Micro- and nano-motors for biomedical applications. , 2014, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[24]  Oliver G. Schmidt,et al.  Development of a Sperm‐Flagella Driven Micro‐Bio‐Robot , 2013, Advanced materials.

[25]  Morteza Mahmoudi,et al.  Exocytosis of nanoparticles from cells: role in cellular retention and toxicity. , 2013, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[26]  Zhiguang Wu,et al.  Self-propelled polymer-based multilayer nanorockets for transportation and drug release. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[27]  Samuel Sanchez,et al.  Chemotactic behavior of catalytic motors in microfluidic channels. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  Oliver G. Schmidt,et al.  Rolled-up nanotech on polymers: from basic perception to self-propelled catalytic microengines. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[29]  S. Valiyaveettil,et al.  Active targeting of cancer cells using folic acid-conjugated platinum nanoparticles. , 2010, Nanoscale.

[30]  Junko Nakanishi,et al.  Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of manufactured nanomaterials. , 2010, Reproductive toxicology.

[31]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Motion control at the nanoscale. , 2010, Small.

[32]  Kogiku Shiba,et al.  Ca2+ bursts occur around a local minimal concentration of attractant and trigger sperm chemotactic response , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[33]  S. Rubinstein,et al.  Modified PVA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles as protein carriers into sperm cells. , 2008, Small.

[34]  U. Kaupp,et al.  Mechanisms of sperm chemotaxis. , 2008, Annual review of physiology.

[35]  M. Eisenbach,et al.  Sperm guidance in mammals — an unpaved road to the egg , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[36]  Regina M Turner,et al.  Moving to the beat: a review of mammalian sperm motility regulation. , 2006, Reproduction, fertility, and development.

[37]  Marcus L. Roper,et al.  Microscopic artificial swimmers , 2005, Nature.

[38]  M. Ikawa,et al.  The immunoglobulin superfamily protein Izumo is required for sperm to fuse with eggs , 2005, Nature.

[39]  Manabu Yoshida,et al.  A chemoattractant for ascidian spermatozoa is a sulfated steroid , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  S. S. Olmsted,et al.  A humanized monoclonal antibody produced in transgenic plants for immunoprotection of the vagina against genital herpes , 1998, Nature Biotechnology.

[41]  K. Inaba,et al.  Calcium and Cyclic AMP Mediate Sperm Activation, but Ca2+Alone Contributes Sperm Chemotaxis in the Ascidian, Ciona savignyi , 1994, Development, growth & differentiation.

[42]  C. Brokaw,et al.  Activation of Ciona sperm motility: phosphorylation of dynein polypeptides and effects of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. , 1991, Journal of cell science.

[43]  M. E. Aulton,et al.  A Fluorescent Technique for the Observation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Binder Distribution in Granules , 1978 .