Damage effects of dust storm PM2.5 on DNA in alveolar macrophages and lung cells of rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro toxicological effects of PM2.5 suspensions, their water-soluble fraction and solvent-extractable organics from dust storm on the viability and DNA of rat alveolar macrophages and in vivo toxicological effects of PM2.5 suspensions on DNA of lung cells of rats. PM2.5 samples from dust storm and normal weather were collected in Baotou city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Wuwei city, Gansu Province, China, in March, 2004. DNA damage was detected with single cell gel electrophoresis technique and cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. The results showed that: (1) In vitro, PM2.5 suspensions, their water-soluble fraction and solvent-extractable organics from both dust storm and normal weather caused a decrease of the cell viability and an increase of DNA damage of rat alveolar macrophages in a dose-response manner; for both Baotou city and Wuwei city, the samples of normal weather showed higher DNA damage than those of dust storm at the highest treated dosage; for both normal weather PM2.5 and dust storm PM2.5, their solvent-extractable organics showed higher DNA damage than the water-soluble fraction. (2) In vivo, PM2.5 from both dust storm and normal weather caused an increase of DNA damage of rat lung cells in a dose-response manner. (3) Baotou city is one of the heavy industrial cities, while Wuwei is one of agricultural cities in Northwest region of China. The effects induced by normal weather samples in Baotou city slightly higher than those in Wuwei city on DNA damage, though there was no significant difference was found between two cities. These results lead to conclusions that dust storm PM2.5 as well as normal weather PM2.5 could lead to DNA damage and the organic compounds and the insoluble particle-core might be the main contributors to DNA damage. Our results suggest that the risk of health effects may be greater during dust storms because dust storm PM2.5 whose airborne mass were much higher. Further studies are needed to determine the components of dust storm particles that may contribute to the particle toxicity.

[1]  C. rd,et al.  Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who's at risk? , 2000 .

[2]  Chun-Yuh Yang,et al.  Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily mortality in Taipei, Taiwan. , 2004, Environmental research.

[3]  Exposure-route-dependent DNA adduct formation by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[4]  Tingming Shi,et al.  Soluble metals as well as the insoluble particle fraction are involved in cellular DNA damage induced by particulate matter , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[5]  S H Moolgavkar,et al.  Air pollution and daily mortality in three U.S. counties. , 2000, Environmental health perspectives.

[6]  V. Arlt,et al.  DNA adduct formation by the ubiquitous environmental contaminant 3‐nitrobenzanthrone in rats determined by 32P‐postlabeling , 2001, International journal of cancer.

[7]  R. Tice,et al.  A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. , 1988, Experimental cell research.

[8]  Tsun-Jen Cheng,et al.  Effects of Asian dust event particles on inflammation markers in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary hypertensive rats. , 2004, Environmental research.

[9]  J. Wendt,et al.  Impact of the composition of combustion generated fine particles on epithelial cell toxicity: influences of metals on metabolism. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[10]  H. Karlsson,et al.  Genotoxicity of airborne particulate matter: the role of cell-particle interaction and of substances with adduct-forming and oxidizing capacity. , 2004, Mutation research.

[11]  L. Sheng,et al.  Seasonal variation of solvent extractable organic compounds in the aerosols in Qingdao, China , 2003 .

[12]  M. Hirvonen,et al.  Diesel particles induce nitric oxide production in murine alveolar macrophages and rat airways. , 1999, Environmental toxicology and pharmacology.

[13]  Xinbiao Guo,et al.  [Impact of dust storm PM2.5 and PM10 on the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages of rat]. , 2004, Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research.

[14]  N. Englert.  Fine particles and human health--a review of epidemiological studies. , 2004, Toxicology letters.

[15]  R M Mason,et al.  Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles? Data Reconstruction and Replication of Analyses , 2000, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[16]  R. Strieter,et al.  Leukocyte infiltration in allergic airway inflammation. , 1995, American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.

[17]  M. Zheng,et al.  Characterization of the non-volatile organic compounds in the aerosols of Hong Kong— identification, abundance and origin , 1997 .

[18]  David M. Brown,et al.  Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: a role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines. , 2001, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[19]  T. Mosmann.  Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. , 1983, Journal of immunological methods.

[20]  Nelson Gouveia,et al.  Time series analysis of air pollution and mortality: effects by cause, age and socioeconomic status , 2000, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[21]  Hui Yuan,et al.  The compositions, sources, and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment , 2001 .

[22]  Z. Meng,et al.  Evaluation of micronucleus induction of sand dust storm fine particles (PM(2.5)) in human blood lymphocytes. , 2006, Environmental toxicology and pharmacology.

[23]  A. Korenyi-both,et al.  Al Eskan disease: Desert Storm pneumonitis. , 1992, Military medicine.

[24]  N. Cobb,et al.  Surveillance for dust storms and respiratory diseases in Washington State, 1991. , 1994, Archives of environmental health.

[25]  Z. Meng,et al.  Effects of blowing sand fine particles on plasma membrane permeability and fluidity, and intracellular calcium levels of rat alveolar macrophages. , 2005, Toxicology letters.

[26]  Ho-Jang Kwon,et al.  Effects of the Asian dust events on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea. , 2002, Environmental research.

[27]  W. Wilson,et al.  Fine particles and coarse particles: concentration relationships relevant to epidemiologic studies. , 1997, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[28]  J Schwartz,et al.  Air pollution and daily mortality: associations with particulates and acid aerosols. , 1992, Environmental research.

[29]  H. Utsumi,et al.  Noninvasive detection of hydroxyl radical generation in lung by diesel exhaust particles. , 2001, Free radical biology & medicine.

[30]  J Inmon,et al.  Air pollution particles mediated oxidative DNA base damage in a cell free system and in human airway epithelial cells in relation to particulate metal content and bioreactivity. , 2001, Chemical research in toxicology.

[31]  Zhi-gang Guo,et al.  The elemental and organic characteristics of PM2.5 in Asian dust episodes in Qingdao, China, 2002 , 2004 .

[32]  Y. Kim,et al.  Aerosol Composition Change due to Dust Storm: Measurements between 1992 and 1999 at Gosan, Korea , 2003 .

[33]  B. Zhang,et al.  DNA damage in mice treated with sulfur dioxide by inhalation , 2005, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[34]  B. Zhang,et al.  DNA damaging effects of sulfur dioxide derivatives in cells from various organs of mice. , 2004, Mutagenesis.

[35]  Z. Meng,et al.  In vitro responses of rat alveolar macrophages to particle suspensions and water-soluble components of dust storm PM(2.5). , 2006, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[36]  K. Donaldson,et al.  Impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by ultrafine particles. , 2001, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.