Prolonging the system lifetime and equalising the energy for heterogeneous sensor networks using RETT protocol

In some Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) deployments, nodes may be used for different purposes (sensing, data pre-processing, actuation, etc.). Even if such a network is organised into clusters, this creates heterogeneity in terms of energy capability, which needs to be managed and balanced in order to ensure proper sensing capability with maximised lifespan. In this paper, we present Routing based on Energy-Temperature Transformation (RETT), a protocol that transforms the expected lifetime of each node into an equivalent temperature, and then by using the heat conduction formulas, finds the hottest path for sending data to a data sink in order to equalise the residual energy throughout the WSN. We investigate RETT's ability to cope with heterogeneity and investigate its resilience and scalability based on node density and network size through a simulation study. We find that RETT is well suited to managing energy in the heterogeneous WSN case.

[1]  Jie Wu,et al.  EECS: an energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks , 2005, PCCC 2005. 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, 2005..

[2]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[3]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences- 2000 Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks , 2022 .

[4]  K. Matrouk,et al.  Energy-conservation clustering protocol based on heat conductivity for wireless sensor networks , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing Conference, 2004..

[5]  Joongheon Kim,et al.  Energy-Aware Distributed Topology Control for Coverage-Time Optimization in Clustering-Based Heterogeneous Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference.

[6]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks via unequal clustering , 2005, 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[7]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[8]  Tarek F. Abdelzaher,et al.  Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks , 2003, MobiCom '03.

[9]  S. J. Salon,et al.  Introduction to Finite Elements , 1995 .

[10]  Kai Li,et al.  A directionality based location discovery scheme for wireless sensor networks , 2002, WSNA '02.

[11]  Xiaojiang Du,et al.  Designing efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous sensor networks , 2005, PCCC 2005. 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, 2005..

[12]  Ossama Younis,et al.  HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[13]  A. Belegundu,et al.  Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering , 1990 .

[14]  Sungrae Cho,et al.  Dynamic Energy Efficient TDMA-based MAC Protocol forWireless Sensor Networks , 2005, Joint International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems and International Conference on Networking and Services - (icas-isns'05).

[15]  Azer Bestavros,et al.  SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks , 2004 .

[16]  Catherine Rosenberg,et al.  A minimum cost heterogeneous sensor network with a lifetime constraint , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[17]  Catherine Rosenberg,et al.  Homogeneous vs heterogeneous clustered sensor networks: a comparative study , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37577).

[18]  Edward J. Coyle,et al.  An energy efficient hierarchical clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2003, IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428).

[19]  Domenico Lahaye,et al.  Introduction to Finite Elements , 2008 .

[20]  Khaled Matrouk,et al.  Equalizing Sensor Energy and Maximising Sensor Network Lifespan Using RETT , 2006, ALGOSENSORS.

[21]  Yongcai Wang,et al.  Energy-driven adaptive clustering data collection protocol in wireless sensor networks , 2004, 2004 International Conference on Intelligent Mechatronics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings..

[22]  Yuanyuan Yang,et al.  Energy-Efficient Multihop Polling in Clusters of Two-Layered Heterogeneous Sensor Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[23]  Jie Wu,et al.  An energy-efficient unequal clustering mechanism for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems Conference, 2005..

[24]  Cauligi S. Raghavendra,et al.  PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems , 2002, Proceedings, IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[25]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Sensor Networks , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[26]  Xiaojiang Du,et al.  Improving routing in sensor networks with heterogeneous sensor nodes , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[27]  Yuanyuan Yang,et al.  Energy efficient multi-hop polling in clusters of two-layered heterogeneous sensor networks , 2005, 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[28]  Ossama Younis,et al.  Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: a hybrid, energy-efficient approach , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[29]  Damla Turgut,et al.  A Cluster-Based Energy Balancing Scheme in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005, ICN.

[30]  D.P. Agrawal,et al.  APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless , 2002, Proceedings 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[31]  A. Manjeshwar,et al.  TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks , 2001, Proceedings 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IPDPS 2001.

[32]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  Load-balanced clustering of wireless sensor networks , 2003, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2003. ICC '03..

[33]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  Energy-aware routing in cluster-based sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems.

[34]  Jianping Pan,et al.  Topology control for wireless sensor networks , 2003, MobiCom '03.