Flexibility management with virtual batteries of thermostatically controlled loads: real-time control system and potential in Spain

Virtual batteries composed of aggregated thermostatically controlled loads are able to provide real-time frequency regulation to electrical grids. Load flexibility management can be helpful in solving the problem of balancing generation and demand, which is becoming more complex due to the variability of renewable energies. A real-time virtual battery control system is presented in this paper. As an example, a virtual battery of 1000 thermostatically controlled loads is operated. In order to quantify the potential of virtual batteries, a study focused on residential thermostatically controlled loads in Spain is reported.

[1]  S.E. Widergren,et al.  Modeling uncertainties in aggregated thermostatically controlled loads using a State queueing model , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[2]  Ernesto Kofman,et al.  Load management: Model-based control of aggregate power for populations of thermostatically controlled loads , 2012 .

[3]  Scott Backhaus,et al.  Modeling and control of thermostatically controlled loads , 2011 .

[4]  Jianzhong Wu,et al.  Benefits of using virtual energy storage system for power system frequency response , 2017 .

[5]  Yang Shi,et al.  Model Predictive Control of Aggregated Heterogeneous Second-Order Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Ancillary Services , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[6]  Yu Wang,et al.  A Distributed Control Scheme of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for the Building-Microgrid Community , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[7]  M. Omizo,et al.  Modeling , 1983, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.

[8]  Federico Silvestro,et al.  Stochastic modelling of aggregated thermal loads for impact analysis of demand side frequency regulation in the case of Sardinia in 2020 , 2017 .

[9]  Johanna L. Mathieu,et al.  Modeling and Control of Aggregated Heterogeneous Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Ancillary Services , 2011 .

[10]  Mattia Marinelli,et al.  Impact of thermostatically controlled loads' demand response activation on aggregated power: A field experiment , 2016 .

[11]  Luigi Vanfretti,et al.  Voltage control-based ancillary service using thermostatically controlled loads , 2016, 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM).

[12]  Tyrone L. Vincent,et al.  Potentials and Economics of Residential Thermal Loads Providing Regulation Reserve , 2014, ArXiv.

[13]  Tsuyoshi Murata,et al.  {m , 1934, ACML.

[14]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Primary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[16]  Sai Pushpak Nandanoori,et al.  Identification and Validation of Virtual Battery Model for Heterogeneous Devices , 2019, 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM).

[17]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Aggregate model for heterogeneous thermostatically controlled loads with demand response , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[18]  Peter Palensky,et al.  Stochastic battery model for aggregation of thermostatically controlled loads , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT).

[19]  Sekyung Han,et al.  Estimation of Achievable Power Capacity From Plug-in Electric Vehicles for V2G Frequency Regulation: Case Studies for Market Participation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[20]  Yi Ding,et al.  Multi-state operating reserve model of aggregate thermostatically-controlled-loads for power system short-term reliability evaluation , 2019, Applied Energy.

[21]  Duncan S. Callaway,et al.  Trajectory Tracking With an Aggregation of Domestic Hot Water Heaters: Combining Model-Based and Model-Free Control in a Commercial Deployment , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[22]  Johanna L. Mathieu,et al.  State Estimation and Control of Heterogeneous Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Load Following , 2012, 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[23]  Ian A. Hiskens,et al.  Achieving Controllability of Electric Loads , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[24]  Venkataramana Ajjarapu,et al.  Sequential Set-Point Control for Heterogeneous Thermostatically Controlled Loads Through an Extended Markov Chain Abstraction , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[25]  Tyrone L. Vincent,et al.  A generalized battery model of a collection of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for providing ancillary service , 2013, 2013 51st Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton).

[26]  Johanna L. Mathieu.  Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Demand Response Resources , 2012 .

[27]  Johanna L. Mathieu,et al.  Technical resource potential of non-disruptive residential demand response in Denmark , 2014, 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition.

[28]  Hans Christian Gils,et al.  Economic potential for future demand response in Germany - Modeling approach and case study , 2016 .

[29]  Tyrone L. Vincent,et al.  Aggregate Flexibility of Thermostatically Controlled Loads , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[30]  Duncan S. Callaway,et al.  Arbitraging Intraday Wholesale Energy Market Prices With Aggregations of Thermostatic Loads , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.