Development of Load and Resistance Factor Design for Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States of Transportation Structure Foundations

Most foundation solutions for transportation structures rely on deep foundations, often on pile foundations configured in a way most suitable to the problem at hand. Design of pile foundation solutions can best be pursued by clearly defining limit states and then configuring the piles in such a way as to prevent the attainment of these limit states. The present report develops methods for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) of piles, both nondisplacement and displacement piles, in sand and clay. With the exception of the method for design of displacement piles in sand, all the methods are based on rigorous theoretical mechanics solutions of the pile loading problem. In all cases, the uncertainty of the variables appearing in the problem and of the relationships linking these variables to the resistance calculated using these relationships are carefully assessed. Monte Carlo simulations using these relationships and the associated variabilities allow simulation of resistance minus load distributions and therefore probability of failure. The mean (or nominal) values of the variables can be adjusted so that the probability of failure can be made to match a target probability of failure. Since an infinite number of combinations of these means can be made to lead to the same target probability of failure, the authors have developed a way to determine the most likely ultimate limit state for a given probability of failure. Once the most likely ultimate limit state is determined, the values of loads and resistances for this limit state can be used, together with the values of the mean (or nominal) loads and resistances to calculate load and resistance factors. The last step in the process involves adjusting the resistance factors so that they are consistent with the load factors specified by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Recommended resistance factors are then given together with the design methods for which they were developed.

[1]  Lance A. Roberts,et al.  Probabilistic analysis of drilled shaft service limit state using the "t–z" method , 2006 .

[2]  Lymon C. Reese,et al.  BEHAVIOR OF DRILLED PIERS UNDER AXIAL LOADING , 1976 .

[3]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Two- and three-dimensional bearing capacity of foundations in clay , 2004 .

[4]  M. Bolton.  THE STRENGTH AND DILATANCY OF SANDS , 1986 .

[5]  Bengt H. Fellenius,et al.  Axial load transfer for piles in sand. II. Numerical analysis , 1992 .

[6]  L C Reese,et al.  DRILLED SHAFTS: CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES AND DESIGN METHODS , 1999 .

[7]  Lance A. Roberts,et al.  Service limit state resistance factors for drilled shafts , 2009 .

[8]  Barry Lehane,et al.  Mechanisms of Shaft Friction in Sand from Instrumented Pile Tests , 1994 .

[9]  Fumio Tatsuoka,et al.  Some Factors Affecting K0-Values of Sand Measured in Triaxial Cell , 1984 .

[10]  Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh,et al.  EVALUATION OF CPT METHODS FOR LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN OF DRIVEN PILES , 2004 .

[11]  John W. Fisher,et al.  Load and Resistance Factor Design Criteria for Connectors , 1978 .

[12]  Vernon R. Schaefer,et al.  Innovative Solutions for Slope Stability Reinforcement and Characterization: Vol. I , 2005 .

[13]  J Park,et al.  Resistance factor calibration based on FORM for driven steel pipe piles in Korea , 2009 .

[14]  Mm Allam,et al.  INTERFACIAL FRICTION BETWEEN SANDS AND SOLID SURFACES. , 1998 .

[15]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Resistance Factors for Use in Load and Resistance Factor Design of Driven Pipe Piles in Sands , 2009 .

[16]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Computation of Cavity Expansion Pressure and Penetration Resistance in Sands , 2007 .

[17]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Resistance Factors for Use in Shallow Foundation LRFD , 2006 .

[18]  J. Kérisel,et al.  FIELD TESTS OF PILES IN SAND , 1972 .

[19]  End Semester Ce.  GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING - I , 2013 .

[20]  I M Viest,et al.  LOAD FACTOR DESIGN FOR STEEL HIGHWAY BRIDGES , 1971 .

[21]  Jae Hyun Park,et al.  Evaluation of Resistance Bias Factors for Load and Resistance Factor Design of Driven Steel Pipe Piles , 2007 .

[22]  Masahiro Shirato,et al.  DETERMINATION OF PARTIAL FACTORS FOR A VERTICALLY LOADED PILE BASED ON RELIABILITY ANALYSIS , 2002 .

[23]  Mark Randolph,et al.  SCIENCE AND EMPIRICISM IN PILE FOUNDATION DESIGN , 2003 .

[24]  Vito Nicola Ghionna,et al.  Shaft friction modelling of non-displacement piles in sand , 2002 .

[25]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Estimation of Load Capacity of Pipe Piles in Sand Based on Cone Penetration Test Results , 2003 .

[26]  Zhongjie Zhang,et al.  Calibration of Resistance Factors for Axially Loaded Concrete Piles Driven into Soft Soils , 2008 .

[27]  John J. Hopfield,et al.  Discussion for Session I , 1982 .

[28]  Kevin Christopher Foye.  A rational, probabilistic method for the development of geotechnical load and resistance factor design , 2005 .

[29]  Abdallah I. Husein Malkawi,et al.  Uncertainty and reliability analysis applied to slope stability , 2000 .

[30]  Pietro Franchini.  Discussion: Session I , 2007, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[31]  Tony M. Allen,et al.  Development of Geotechnical Resistance Factors and Downdrag Load Factors for LRFD Foundation Strength Limit State Design Reference Manual , 2005 .

[32]  Bruce R. Ellingwood,et al.  Wind Load Statistics for Probability-Based Structural Design , 1999 .

[33]  S. Lacasse,et al.  Uncertainties in characterising soil properties , 1996 .

[34]  Aleksandar S. Vesic,et al.  Tests on Instrumented Piles, Ogeechee River Site , 1970 .

[35]  Gary R. Consolazio,et al.  Use of LRFD, Cost and Risk: Designing a Drilled-Shaft Load Test Program in Florida Limestone , 2003 .

[36]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Assessment of Axially-Loaded Pile Dynamic Design Methods and Review of INDOT Axially-Loaded Pile Design Procedure , 2008 .

[37]  Vinod K. Garga,et al.  ディスカッション The Steady State of Sandy Soils , 1997 .

[38]  Luo Yang.  RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN AND QUALITY CONTROL OF DRIVEN PILES , 2006 .

[39]  Andrzej S. Nowak,et al.  Load model for bridge design code , 1994 .

[40]  Melvin J. Dubnick.  Army Corps of Engineers , 1998 .

[41]  Mohammed A. Gabr,et al.  Reliability based calibration of resistance factors for axial capacity of driven piles , 2005 .

[42]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Shaft Resistance of Drilled Shafts in Clay , 2013 .

[43]  Xiaoming Yang,et al.  Resistance Factors for Drilled Shafts in Weak Rock Based on O-Cell Test Data , 2008 .

[44]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  A two-surface plasticity model for clay , 2013 .

[45]  Yung-Show Fang,et al.  EARTH PRESSURES WITH SLOPING BACKFILL , 1997 .

[46]  E. Dibiagio,et al.  Load tests on friction piles in loose sand : Conference. Session three. 11F, 3T, 2R. PROC. EIGHTH INT. CONF. ON SOIL MECH. FOUND. ENGNG, MOSCOW, 1973, V2.1, 1973, P109–117 , 1975 .

[47]  Dawit Negussey,et al.  CONSTANT-VOLUME FRICTION ANGLE OF GRANULAR MATERIALS , 1988 .

[48]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Assessment of Variable Uncertainties for Reliability-Based Design of Foundations , 2006 .

[49]  Bruce R. Ellingwood,et al.  Probability Based Load Criteria: Load Factors and Load Combinations , 1982 .

[50]  Michel Ghosn,et al.  REDUNDANCY IN HIGHWAY BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES , 1998 .

[51]  Jianye Ching,et al.  Calibrating Resistance Factors of Single Bored Piles Based on Incomplete Load Test Information , 2010 .

[52]  Michael McVay,et al.  LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS , 2004 .

[53]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  DETERMINATION OF PILE BASE RESISTANCE IN SANDS , 1999 .

[54]  Bengt H. Fellenius,et al.  Load transfer for piles in sand and the critical depth , 1993 .

[55]  G. Baecher.  Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering , 2003 .

[56]  Peter Lumb,et al.  Application of statistics in soil mechanics , 1974 .

[57]  Michael W. O'Neill,et al.  Design Model Bias Factors for Driven Piles from Experiments at NGES-UH , 1996 .

[58]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  The Tip Displacement of Drilled Shafts in Sands , 1994 .

[59]  K. Phoon,et al.  Characterization of Geotechnical Variability , 1999 .

[60]  Dian-Qing Li,et al.  Reliability of bored pile foundations considering bias in failure criteria , 2005 .

[61]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Analysis of the shaft resistance of non-displacement piles in sand , 2008 .

[62]  Alec Westley Skempton,et al.  Standard penetration test procedures and the effects in sands of overburden pressure, relative density, particle size, ageing and overconsolidation , 1986 .

[63]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  A Method for Accounting for Pile Setup and Relaxation in Pile Design and Quality Assurance , 2009 .

[64]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Load and Resistance Factor Design of Drilled Shafts in Sand , 2012 .

[65]  Anil Misra,et al.  Reliability analysis of drilled shaft behavior using finite difference method and Monte Carlo simulation , 2007 .

[66]  Dongwook Kim.  Load and resistance factor design of slopes and MSE walls , 2008 .

[67]  Rodrigo Salgado.  The engineering of foundations / Rodrigo Salgado , 2008 .

[68]  Jun Otani,et al.  Performance factor for bearing resistance of bored friction piles , 1994 .

[69]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Behavior of Open- and Closed-Ended Piles Driven into Sands , 2003 .

[70]  D. V. Griffiths,et al.  Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering , 2008 .

[71]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Analysis of Cavity Expansion in Sand , 2001 .

[72]  Kok-Kwang Phoon,et al.  Evaluation of Geotechnical Property Variability , 1999 .

[73]  F. H. Kulhawy,et al.  Reliability-based foundation design for transmission line structures , 1988 .