The measurement and meaning of unintended pregnancy.

Unintended pregnancy combines two aspects of fertility: unwanted and mistimed pregnancies. The personal partnership social and political realities of these two aspects are different and the use of separate categories may better reflect the way women think about a pregnancy. A better understanding of the multiple dimensions of unintended pregnancy also may lead to a better understanding of the consequences of these pregnancies. Likewise better knowledge of the extent of mistiming and perhaps the strength of intentions may be important in understanding health impact. Effective programs to prevent unintended pregnancy must use terms that are familiar to women and must build upon cultural understanding of the problem to be prevented. Research should focus on the meaning of pregnancy intentions to women and the processes women and their partners use in making fertility decisions. It should prospectively address the impact of pregnancy intentions on contraceptive use. Both qualitative and quantitative research have contributed to our understanding of fertility decisionmaking; both will be essential to the creation of more effective prevention programs. (excerpt)

[1]  Y. Morrison.  presented at the Annual Meeting of the , 1970 .

[2]  Taking Chances: Abortion and the Decision not to Contracept. , 1977 .

[3]  R. Freedman,et al.  Do intentions predict fertility? The experience in Taiwan, 1967-74. , 1979, Studies in family planning.

[4]  C. Joffe.  The Regulation of Sexuality , 1987 .

[5]  C. Mukhopadhyay.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOMEN'S STATUS REVISITED: , 1988 .

[6]  C. Mukhopadhyay,et al.  Anthropological studies of women's status revisited: 1977-1987. , 1988, Annual review of anthropology.

[7]  W. Marsiglio,et al.  Does Wanting to Become Pregnant with a First Child Affect Subsequent Maternal Behaviors and Infant Birth Weight , 1988 .

[8]  Faye Ginsburg,et al.  Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community , 1989 .

[9]  N. Goldman,et al.  The Demographic Impact of Changes in Contraceptive Practice in Third World Populations , 1989 .

[10]  N. Adler,et al.  Psychological responses after abortion , 1990 .

[11]  R. Durant,et al.  Attitudinal and behavioral correlates of condom use in urban adolescent males. , 1992, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[12]  W. R. Kennedy,et al.  Induced termination of pregnancy before and after Roe v Wade: Trends in the mortality and morbidity of women , 1992, JAMA.

[13]  S. Rutstein,et al.  The reproductive revolution: new survey findings. , 1992, Population reports. Series M, Special topics.

[14]  L. Chávez,et al.  Undocumented Latin American Immigrants and U.S. Health Services: An Approach to a Political Economy of Utilization , 1992 .

[15]  W. D. Silva.  Achievement of reproductive intentions in Sri Lanka, 1982-1985: a longitudinal study. , 1992 .

[16]  M. Rosenzweig,et al.  The Usefulness of Survey Information on the Wantedness of Children , 1993 .

[17]  D. Brogan,et al.  Pregnancy planning and pre-conception counseling. The PRAMS Working Group. , 1993, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[18]  C. Langefeld,et al.  Factors associated with condom use by sexually active male adolescents at risk for sexually transmitted disease. , 1993, Pediatrics.

[19]  D. Brogan,et al.  Pregnancy Planning and Pre-Conception Counseling , 1993 .

[20]  B Robey,et al.  The fertility decline in developing countries. , 1993, Scientific American.

[21]  L. Williams,et al.  Determinants of couple agreement in U.S. fertility decisions. , 1994, Family planning perspectives.

[22]  L. Severy.  Advances in population : psychosocial perspectives , 1994 .

[23]  C. Evans.  Immigrants and health care: mounting problems. , 1995, Annals of internal medicine.

[24]  W. Miller,et al.  Children from unwanted pregnancies in Prague, Czech Republic revisited at age thirty , 1995, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[25]  P. Rantakallio,et al.  Does the wantedness of a pregnancy predict a child's educational attainment? , 1995, Family planning perspectives.

[26]  J. S. St. Lawrence,et al.  Barriers to condom use and barrier method preferences among low-income African-American women. , 1995, Women & health.

[27]  N. Baydar,et al.  Consequences for children of their birth planning status. , 1995, Family planning perspectives.

[28]  J. Gazmararian,et al.  The Relationship Between Pregnancy Intendedness and Physical Violence in Mothers of Newborns , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[29]  K. Moore.  Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing: A Review of Recent Research. , 1995 .

[30]  J. Forrest,et al.  Impact of publicly funded contraceptive services on unintended pregnancies and implications for Medicaid expenditures. , 1996, Family planning perspectives.

[31]  R. Willis,et al.  Economic Approaches to Understanding Nonmarital Fertility , 1996 .

[32]  S. Morgan.  Characteristic features of modern American fertility , 1996 .

[33]  W. Miller,et al.  The Relative Influence of Husbands and Wives on the Choice and Use of Oral Contraception, a Diaphragm, and Condoms1 , 1996 .

[34]  F. Goldscheider,et al.  Fertility and commitment: bringing men back in. , 1996 .

[35]  M. Moos,et al.  Pregnant women's perspectives on intendedness of pregnancy. , 1997, Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health.

[36]  M. Moos,et al.  Defining and measuring unintended pregnancy: issues and concerns. , 1997, Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health.

[37]  R. Kaufmann,et al.  Comparison of two question sequences for assessing pregnancy intentions. , 1997, American journal of epidemiology.

[38]  A. Handler,et al.  Wantedness of pregnancy and prenatal health behaviors. , 1998, Women & health.

[39]  A. Bankole,et al.  THE CONSISTENCY AND VALIDITY OF REPRODUCTIVE ATTITUDES: EVIDENCE FROM MOROCCO , 1998, Journal of Biosocial Science.

[40]  J. Darroch,et al.  Predicting maternal behaviors during pregnancy: does intention status matter? , 1998, Family planning perspectives.

[41]  J. Darroch,et al.  The effects of pregnancy planning status on birth outcomes and infant care. , 1998, Family planning perspectives.

[42]  S. Henshaw.  Unintended pregnancy in the United States. , 1998, Family planning perspectives.

[43]  R. Petchesky.  Negotiating reproductive rights: women's perspectives across countries and cultures , 1998 .

[44]  C. McBride,et al.  Differences in preconceptional and prenatal behaviors in women with intended and unintended pregnancies. , 1998, American journal of public health.

[45]  C Abraham,et al.  Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: a meta-analysis. , 1999, Psychological bulletin.

[46]  J. Stanford,et al.  Are all contraceptive failures unintended pregnancies? Evidence from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. , 1999, Family planning perspectives.

[47]  K. Luker,et al.  A reminder that human behavior frequently refuses to conform to models created by researchers. , 1999, Family planning perspectives.

[48]  W. Mosher,et al.  Options for measuring unintended pregnancy in cycle 6 of the National Survey of Family Growth. , 1999, Family planning perspectives.

[49]  J. Abma,et al.  The correspondence between intention to avoid childbearing and subsequent fertility: a prospective analysis. , 1999, Family planning perspectives.

[50]  M. Sable.  Pregnancy intentions may not be a useful measure for research on maternal and child health outcomes. , 1999, Family planning perspectives.

[51]  J. Flaskerud,et al.  Health problems of Asian and Latino immigrants. , 1999, The Nursing clinics of North America.

[52]  J. Trussell,et al.  Contraceptive failure, method-related discontinuation and resumption of use: results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. , 1999, Family planning perspectives.

[53]  A. Ezeh,et al.  Unmet need for couples: An analytical framework and evaluation with DHS data , 1999 .

[54]  D. Williamson,et al.  Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhood. , 1999, JAMA.

[55]  S. Newcomer,et al.  Intended pregnancies and unintended pregnancies: distinct categories or opposite ends of a continuum? , 1999, Family planning perspectives.

[56]  Robert Schoen,et al.  Do fertility intentions affect fertility behavior , 1999 .

[57]  D. Comings,et al.  Genetic influences on childbearing motivation: a theoretical framework and some empirical evidence. , 1999 .

[58]  K. Wellings,et al.  Understanding pregnancy intentions: a problem in evidence everywhere. , 2000, Family planning perspectives.

[59]  J. Klerman.  The Pace of CalWORKs Implementation (February 2000) , 2000 .

[60]  K. Schulz,et al.  Abortion surveillance at CDC: creating public health light out of political heat. , 2000, American journal of preventive medicine.

[61]  M. Emerson,et al.  Partner effects on a woman's intention to conceive: 'not with this partner'. , 2000, Family planning perspectives.

[62]  J. Hirsch,et al.  Some traditional methods are more modern than others: Rhythm, withdrawal and the changing meanings of sexual intimacy in Mexican companionate marriage , 2001 .

[63]  R. Cabral,et al.  Reproductive and Contraceptive Attitudes as Predictors of Condom Use Among Women in an HIV Prevention Intervention , 2001, Women & health.

[64]  Stephanie Schrag,et al.  Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease Revised Guidelines from CDC , 2002 .

[65]  T. Joyce,et al.  Consequences for infants of parental disagreement in pregnancy intention. , 2002, Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health.

[66]  L. Pulley,et al.  The extent of pregnancy mistiming and its association with maternal characteristics and behaviors and pregnancy outcomes. , 2002, Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health.

[67]  Christopher H. Johnson,et al.  Pregnancy Intendedness and Physical Abuse Around the Time of Pregnancy: Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 1996–1997 , 2000, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

[68]  T. Joyce,et al.  The Stability of Pregnancy Intentions and Pregnancy-Related Maternal Behaviors , 2000, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

[69]  J. Stanford,et al.  Defining Dimensions of Pregnancy Intendedness , 2000, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

[70]  M. Libbus,et al.  Pregnancy Intention and Pregnancy Happiness: Are They Different? , 2000, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

[71]  R. Goldenberg,et al.  Changes in Intendedness During Pregnancy in a High-Risk Multiparous Population , 2000, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

[72]  L. Klerman.  The Intendedness of Pregnancy: A Concept in Transition , 2000, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

[73]  R. Cabral,et al.  Women at Risk of HIV/STD: The Importance of Male Partners as Barriers to Condom Use , 1998, AIDS and Behavior.

[74]  W. Mosher,et al.  A History of the Measurement of Unintended Pregnancies and Births , 2000, Maternal and Child Health Journal.