Perspectives of Time and Frequency Transfer via Satellite

This paper reviews key characteristics and requirements for Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) links. The outline and perspective of two concepts are described: 1. The classical bend-pipe transponder, without special equipment on board, with the potential of 10-17/day frequency transfer uncertainty; 2. The ACES-MWL (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space Microwave Link) like active on-board equipment, with the potential down to few 10-19/day, using both high-rate modulation and carrier-phase. An outlook to advanced links is given. The aim of these proposed links is to provide a unique platform for the demanding requirements in the field of time and frequency metrology and to support improved orbit determination and relativistic geodesy for the next decades.

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