Accelerated in vitro propagation of elite oil palm genotypes ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by substituting cytokinin with putrescine

Clonal multiplication of oil palm enables the formation of commercial plantations with higher yield, which is possible through somatic embryogenesis. However, due to different modifications made in the existing protocols to avoid the appearance of the “mantled flower”, the success of this technique has been limited. Thus, this study aimed to apply a cloning protocol, using somatic embryogenesis, to 32 elite oil palm genotypes from a commercial plantation on which cytokinin was substituted with putrescine. All tested genotypes responded positively to callus induction. Moreover, the percentages of responses were differentiated: 65.62% of these genotypes produced embryogenic lines, and 40.62% out of that percentage presented lines with moderate or high multiplication capacity, which is the main factor that enabled the obtaining of clones to form a commercial clonal plantation. The somatic embryogenesis was efficient, making this protocol applicable at a commercial scale, since it allows the obtaining of clones up to 360 days. However, future evaluations on these clones are needed to investigate the appearance of the “mantled flower”. Keywords: Cloning, polyamines, tissue culture, commercial plantation

[1]  T. R. Corrêa,et al.  Estimation of genetic parameters for in vitro oil palm characteristics (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and selection of genotypes for cloning capacity and oil yield , 2015 .

[2]  Ahmad Tarmizi Hashim,et al.  Loss of Karma transposon methylation underlies the mantled somaclonal variant of oil palm , 2015, Nature.

[3]  Peck Yean Gan,et al.  Econometric study on Malaysia׳s palm oil position in the world market to 2035 , 2014 .

[4]  M. K. Rajesh,et al.  Polyamine-induced somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in vitro from plumular explants of dwarf cultivars of coconut (Cocos nucifera) , 2014 .

[5]  O. Novák,et al.  Cytokinin Differences in In Vitro Cultures and Inflorescences from Normal and Mantled Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) , 2013, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.

[6]  Talita Aparecida Balzon,et al.  New approaches to improve the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) from mature zygotic embryos , 2013, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[7]  S. Gantait,et al.  In vitro developmental study of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) polyembryoids from cell suspension using scanning electron microscopy , 2013, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.

[8]  J. E. Scherwinski-Pereira,et al.  Differential responses to somatic embryogenesis of different genotypes of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) , 2012, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC).

[9]  S. Ooi,et al.  A candidate auxin-responsive expression marker gene, EgIAA9, for somatic embryogenesis in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) , 2012, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC).

[10]  E. Finnegan,et al.  Epigenetic imbalance and the floral developmental abnormality of the in vitro-regenerated oil palm Elaeis guineensis. , 2011, Annals of botany.

[11]  Yusnita,et al.  In Vitro Callus Induction and Embryogenesis of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) from Leaf Explants , 2011 .

[12]  P. S. Chew,et al.  Commercial-scale propagation and planting of elite oil palm clones: research and development towards realization. , 2011 .

[13]  M. Smulders,et al.  Epigenetics in plant tissue culture , 2011, Plant Growth Regulation.

[14]  J. Pers,et al.  Epigenetics and autoimmunity. , 2010, Journal of autoimmunity.

[15]  C. Ho,et al.  Isolation and Characterization of Differentially Expressed Transcripts from the Suspension Cells of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Response to Different Concentration of Auxins , 2010, Molecular biotechnology.

[16]  T. L. Silva,et al.  Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in oil palm using the thin cell layer technique , 2010, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[17]  A. Tiburcio,et al.  Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance , 2010, Planta.

[18]  Bandar Baru Bangi,et al.  Production, Performance and Advances in Oil Palm Tissue Culture 1 , 2010 .

[19]  A. Vanavichit,et al.  Efficient and rapid plant regeneration of oil palm zygotic embryos cv. ‘Tenera’ through somatic embryogenesis , 2010, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.

[20]  J. Verdeil,et al.  Callogenesis and rhizogenesis in date palm leaf segments: are there similarities between the two auxin-induced pathways? , 2009, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC).

[21]  S. Te-chato,et al.  Effect of genotypes and auxins on callus formation from mature zygotic embryos of hybrid oil palms , 2009 .

[22]  C. Stasolla,et al.  The role of polyamines during in vivo and in vitro development , 2008, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[23]  R. Bernardo,et al.  Genomewide selection in oil palm: increasing selection gain per unit time and cost with small populations , 2008, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[24]  N. S. Shekhawat,et al.  Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis and polyamine levels in cultures of grasses of Thar Desert , 2007 .

[25]  G. Angenent,et al.  Characterization of oil palm MADS box genes in relation to the mantled flower abnormality , 2006, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[26]  Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh,et al.  The Oil Palm, Fourth Edition , 2005 .

[27]  K. Kanchanapoom,et al.  The influence of physical conditions on embryo and protoplast culture in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) , 2005 .

[28]  T. Durand-Gasselin,et al.  A modeling approach of the in vitro conversion of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) somatic embryos , 2005, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[29]  M. K. Rajesh,et al.  Plant regeneration from embryo-derived callus of oil palm – the effect of exogenous polyamines , 2003, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[30]  H. Gan,et al.  Estimates of within family genetic variability for clonal selection in oil palm , 2003, Euphytica.

[31]  C. Donough,et al.  Effects of tissue culture conditions during embryoid multiplication on the incidence of ``mantled'' flowering in clonally propagated oil palm , 2002, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

[32]  D. Hanke,et al.  An evaluation of the role of cytokinins in the development of abnormal inflorescences in oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) regenerated from tissue culture , 1995, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.

[33]  R. Corley,et al.  The oil palm , 2003 .

[34]  T. Beulé,et al.  Methylation-sensitive RFLPs: characterisation of two oil palm markers showing somaclonal variation-associated polymorphism , 2002, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[35]  A. Wang,et al.  Effects of polyamines on the thermal stability and formation kinetics of DNA duplexes with abnormal structure. , 2001, Nucleic acids research.

[36]  R. Corley,et al.  Quantitative trait loci for yield components in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) , 2001, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[37]  A. Soh,et al.  Clonal propagation of oil palm through tissue culture. , 1999 .

[38]  R. Casero,et al.  Structural specificity of polyamines and polyamine analogues in the protection of DNA from strand breaks induced by reactive oxygen species. , 1998, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[39]  P. J. Davies.  Plant hormones : physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology , 1995 .

[40]  A. Galston,et al.  Polyamines as Endogenous Growth Regulators , 1987 .

[41]  C. H. Lee,et al.  Abnormal flower development in oil palm clones. , 1986 .

[42]  C. J. Eeuwens.  Mineral Requirements for Growth and Callus Initiation of Tissue Explants Excised from Mature Coconut Palms (Cocos nucifera) and Cultured in vitro , 1976 .