Evaluation of the 2006 proposal for risk assessment of persistence of plant protection products in soil

This report describes the evaluation of the 2006 proposal for the risk assessment of persistence of plant protection products in soil. The proposal considered three protection goals and proposed tiered assessment and decision schemes for each protection goal. The three schemes appeared to be consistent, both internally and with each other. It was found that both pore water concentrations and total content have to be considered in the soil risk assessment. The evaluation has been performed for five substances with all available information from both registration dossiers and open literature. Nevertheless, insufficient information was available to evaluate all aspects of the proposal. In practice this means that pesticide industry has to provide additional information for many dossiers. Furthermore, it was found that existing information often needs to be re-interpreted and a need for standardisation of evaluation of terrestrial (semi-)field experiments was observed. The proposal would require specific expertise and investments of evaluating authorities as well as stakeholders. To better understand fate and effects of persistent substances, it is recommended to investigate the behaviour of substances in the field over longer periods, to perform exposure concentration measurements while performing ecotoxicological tests, to develop protocols for testing effects on fungi, and to gain the necessary experience on the conduct and interpretation of (semi-)field studies with respect to the relation between exposure and effects of plant protection products.

[1]  Allan Walker,et al.  A Simulation Model for Prediction of Herbicide Persistence , 1974 .

[2]  G. A. Binnie.  Paraquat , 1975, The Lancet.

[3]  U. Kafkafi,et al.  Adsorption of benzimidazole fungicides on montmorillonite and kaolinite clay surfaces. , 1975, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[4]  U. Kafkafi,et al.  Adsorption, mobility, and persistence of thiabendazole and methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate in soils. , 1975, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[5]  G. Bolt.  Chapter 7 Transport and Accumulation of Soluble Soil Components , 1976 .

[6]  P. Koorevaar,et al.  Elements of soil physics , 1985 .

[7]  E. B. Roslycky.  Sensitivity and adaptation of selected rhizobia and agrobacteria to paraquat , 1985 .

[8]  D. Adema,et al.  Comparison of the Effects of Several Chemicals on Microorganisms, Higher Plants and Earthworms , 1986 .

[9]  T. Tan,et al.  The response of four soil fungi to paraquat treatment , 1986 .

[10]  P. Dureja,et al.  New photodegradation products of chlorpyrifos and their detection on glass, soil, and leaf surfaces , 1988 .

[11]  E. Fischer.  Effects of atrazine and paraquat-containing herbicides on Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) , 1989 .

[12]  M. Afzal,et al.  Variation in growth and fatty acid contents of trichoderma viride induced by herbicides , 1989 .

[13]  T. Lockley,et al.  Relative phytotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in a standard potting medium to foliage and woody landscape plants. , 1990 .

[14]  R. Baerselman,et al.  Toxiciteit van paraquat voor enkele bodemorganismen , 1990 .

[15]  P. Nicholls,et al.  Sorption of ionisable organic compounds by field soils. Part 1: Acids , 1991 .

[16]  Linden Ama van der,et al.  Een onderzoek naar de beschikbaarheid van paraquat in vijf kwetsbare Nederlandse bodemtypen , 1991 .

[17]  F. Sánchez-Rasero,et al.  Carbendazim adsorption on montmorillonite, peat and soils , 1992 .

[18]  M. Flores,et al.  Effects of herbicides Gramoxone, Diuron and Totacol® on growth and nodulation of three strains of Rhizobium meliloti , 1992 .

[19]  R. Postuma,et al.  Comparison of sublethal and lethal criteria for nine different chemicals in standardized toxicity tests using the earthworm Eisenia andrei. , 1992, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[20]  C. Edwards,et al.  The Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Earthworms , 1992 .

[21]  A. Nikolenko,et al.  Comparative hazardousness of various types of insecticides to soil algae , 1993 .

[22]  Wei‐chun Ma,et al.  Differences in toxicity of the insecticide chlorpyrifos to six species of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in standardized soil tests , 1993, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[23]  J. Boesten.  Bioavailability of organic chemicals in soil related to their concentration in the liquid phase: a review , 1993 .

[24]  P. van Beelen,et al.  Toxic effects of pentachlorophenol and other pollutants on the mineralization of acetate in several soils. , 1993, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[25]  T. Crommentuijn,et al.  Comparative ecotoxicity of cadmium, chlorpyrifos and triphenyltin hydroxide for four clones of the parthenogenetic collembolan Folsomia candida in an artificial soil. , 1995 .

[26]  I. Jakobsen,et al.  Direct application of carbendazim and propiconazole at field rates to the external mycelium of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species: effect on 32P transport and succinate dehydrogenase activity , 1997, Mycorrhiza.

[27]  F. van den Berg,et al.  Estimation method for the volatilization of pesticides from fallow soil , 1997 .

[28]  P. Schweiger,et al.  Dose–response relationships between four pesticides and phosphorus uptake by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizas , 1998 .

[29]  T Aldenberg,et al.  Uncertainty of the hazardous concentration and fraction affected for normal species sensitivity distributions. , 2000, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[30]  Aaldrik Tiktak,et al.  PEARL model for pesticide behaviour and emissions in soil-plant systems , 2001 .

[31]  P. Rodríguez,et al.  Effects of three chemicals on the survival and reproduction of the oligochaete worm Enchytraeus coronatus in chronic toxicity tests , 2002 .

[32]  C. D. S. Tomlin,et al.  The Pesticide Manual , 2003 .

[33]  Susan E. Jones,et al.  Ring-Testing and Field-Validation of a Terrestrial Model Ecosystem (TME) – An Instrument for Testing Potentially Harmful Substances: Effects of Carbendazim on Nutrient Cycling , 2004, Ecotoxicology.

[34]  P. Eberbach,et al.  Effect of herbicide residues in a sandy loam on the growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity (C2H2/C2H4) of Trifolium subterraneum , 1991, Plant and Soil.

[35]  Thomas Knacker,et al.  Ring-testing and Field-validation of a Terrestrial Model Ecosystem(TME) – An Instrument for Testing Potentially Harmful Substances: Effects of Carbendazim on Organic Matter Breakdown and Soil Fauna Feeding Activity , 2004, Ecotoxicology.

[36]  M. García.  Effects of pesticides on soil fauna: development of ecotoxicological test methods for tropical regions. , 2004 .

[37]  Susan E. Jones,et al.  Ring-testing and Field-validation of a Terrestrial Model Ecosystem (TME) – An Instrument for Testing Potentially Harmful Substances: Fate of the Model Chemical Carbendazim , 2004, Ecotoxicology.

[38]  J. W. Pol,et al.  Persistence of plant protection products in soil, a proposal for risk assessment , 2006 .

[39]  O. Richter,et al.  Guidance Document on Estimating Persistence and Degradation Kinetics from Environmental Fate Studies on Pesticides in EU Registration , 2006 .

[40]  J. Römbke,et al.  Effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates in model ecosystem and field studies: A review and comparison with laboratory toxicity data , 2006, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[41]  J. Römbke,et al.  Effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates in laboratory studies: A review and analysis using species sensitivity distributions , 2006, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[42]  M. Abdel-Kader,et al.  Effect of Bavistin, Cotoran and Curacron on Egyptian soil fungi , 2008, Mycopathologia.