Probability forecasts of daily areal precipitation for small river basins

Langanhaltende grosflachige Starkniederschlage fuhren in vielen Regionen der Welt immer wieder zu schweren Uberschwemmungen und bedrohen so das Leben vieler Menschen. Zur Verringerung der Auswirkungen solcher Ereignisse werden Hochwasservorhersagesysteme entwickelt, die Warnungen an die Bevolkerung ausgegeben, falls lokale Schutzmasnahmen uberschritten werden konnten. Die Gute der Hochwasservorhersage wird im Wesentlichen von der Qualitat der Niederschlagsvorhersage bestimmt, insbesondere fur kleinraumige und schnell reagierende Flussgebiete. Leider weisen herkommliche Verfahren zur Niederschlagsvorhersage gerade bei Extremereignissen grose Schwachen auf. Haufig weichen die Vorhersagen deutlich von den Beobachtungen ab und die Unsicherheit der Vorhersage wird kaum berucksichtigt. Daher werden in dieser Arbeit innovative statistische Techniken zur probabilistischen Vorhersage vorgestellt, mit denen die Unsicherheit einer Niederschlagsvorhersage angemessen quantifiziert werden kann. Da der Gebietsniederschlag die wichtigste meteorologische Information fur die Entwicklung eines Warnsystems fur schnell reagierende Flussgebiete ist, werden die statistischen Techniken speziell fur diese Grose getestet. Die Untersuchung wird fur mehrere Flussgebiete in verschiedenen Regionen Deutschlands uber einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 50 Jahren durchgefuhrt, um die Gute der Techniken fur moglichst viele zeitlich unabhangige Niederschlagsextreme zu testen. Zusatzlich wird in dieser Arbeit ein Prototyp eines operationellen probabilistischen Niederschlagsvorhersagesystems vorgestellt, um die Fahigkeiten der hier verwendeten Techniken fur Warnsituationen der realen Welt zu testen. Es wurde anschaulich dargestellt, dass die hier vorgestellten Techniken einen sehr hohen Nutzen fur die operationelle Hochwasservorhersage haben konnen. Daher hofft der Autor dieser Arbeit, dass zukunftige Forschungsarbeiten die in dieser Studie vorgestellten Ideen und Verfahren aufgreifen und weiterentwickeln und dass die eine oder andere Methodik spater in der hydrologischen Praxis ihren Platz findet. Long-lasting large-area heavy precipitation causes in many regions of the world severe inundations that threatens the life of people. To reduce the impacts of such events, flood forecasting systems are developed to alert the population if local protection measures could be exceeded. The goodness of a flood forecast strongly depends on the quality of the precipitation forecast, in particular for small and fast reacting river basins. Unfortunately, common techniques used in weather forecasting are limited for the prediction of precipitation extremes. There are often large differences between the forecasts and the observations and the uncertainty of the precipitation forecast is not described in a suitable way. To overcome this problem, innovative statistical techniques are proposed in this study that can be used to determine the uncertainty of a precipitation forecast. Since the areal precipitation is the most important meteorological information for a flood forecasting system designed for fast reacting river basins, the techniques are primary tested for this key variable. The investigation is performed for several river basins located in different regions in Germany. The investigation period is more than 50 years to evaluate the performance of the proposed techniques for many time-independent precipitation extremes. Additionally, a prototype of an operational probabilistic precipitation forecast system is proposed to evaluate the proposed techniques for warning situations of the real world and that can be implemented at a flood forecasting center. It was demonstrated that the proposed techniques have a high value for operational flood forecasting. The author hopes that the investigation is able to highlight the basic principles and techniques in a suitable way so that future research activities can benefit from this investigation and that some ideas or techniques can also find their way into the hydrological practice.

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