Tobacco and tuberculosis: could we improve tuberculosis outcomes by helping patients to stop smoking?

Tuberculosis disease continues to represent a global threat, with an estimated 9 000 000 incident cases and 1 500 000 deaths in 2013 attributable to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [1]. Although important progress has been made in the control of the disease from a clinical (i.e. improved clinical outcomes) and public health (i.e. reduced M. tuberculosis transmission in high-, middle- and low-income countries) perspective, the epidemic continues to be fuelled by the persistence of long-lasting triggers. Strengthening smoking control measures may impact on our progress towards tuberculosis elimination http://ow.ly/GmeGL

[1]  M. Yotebieng,et al.  Effect of smoking history on outcome of patients diagnosed with TB and HIV , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[2]  C. Leung,et al.  Smoking adversely affects treatment response, outcome and relapse in tuberculosis , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[3]  K. Floyd,et al.  Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis around the world: what progress has been made? , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[4]  Richard G. White,et al.  The effect of diabetes and undernutrition trends on reaching 2035 global tuberculosis targets. , 2014, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

[5]  A. Benedetti,et al.  Evidence-based, agreed-upon health priorities to remedy the tuberculosis patient's economic disaster , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[6]  M. Raviglione,et al.  Financial burden for tuberculosis patients in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[7]  A. Spanevello,et al.  Tuberculosis elimination: theory and practice in Europe , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[8]  C. Dye,et al.  Prospects for tuberculosis elimination. , 2013, Annual review of public health.

[9]  Marieke J. van der Werf,et al.  Old ideas to innovate tuberculosis control: preventive treatment to achieve elimination , 2013, European Respiratory Journal.

[10]  Alimuddin Zumla,et al.  Risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis: smoking, diabetes and anti-TNFα drugs. , 2012, Current opinion in pulmonary medicine.

[11]  K. Kliiman,et al.  TB and MDR/XDR-TB in European Union and European Economic Area countries: managed or mismanaged? , 2012, European Respiratory Journal.

[12]  Sanjay Basu,et al.  Projected effects of tobacco smoking on worldwide tuberculosis control: mathematical modelling analysis , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[13]  M. Uplekar,et al.  Tuberculosis and noncommunicable diseases: neglected links and missed opportunities , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[14]  M. Pai,et al.  The convergence of the global smoking, COPD, tuberculosis, HIV, and respiratory infection epidemics. , 2010, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[15]  M. Ezzati,et al.  Effects of smoking and solid-fuel use on COPD, lung cancer, and tuberculosis in China: a time-based, multiple risk factor, modelling study , 2008, The Lancet.

[16]  J. Zellweger,et al.  Tobacco and tuberculosis. , 2008, Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace.

[17]  D. Enarson,et al.  Tobacco and tuberculosis: a qualitative systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2007, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[18]  D. Christopher,et al.  Lethal interaction: the colliding epidemics of tobacco and tuberculosis , 2007, Expert review of anti-infective therapy.

[19]  D. Enarson,et al.  Feasibility of brief tobacco cessation advice for tuberculosis patients: a study from Sudan. , 2007, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[20]  M. Ezzati,et al.  Tobacco Smoke, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2007, PLoS medicine.

[21]  C. Dye Global epidemiology of tuberculosis , 2006, The Lancet.

[22]  M. Raviglione The TB epidemic from 1992 to 2002. , 2003, Tuberculosis.

[23]  C. Dolea,et al.  World Health Organization , 1949, International Organization.

[24]  Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection , 2014 .

[25]  L. Gabbasova,et al.  Global tuberculosis report (2014) , 2014 .