Systematic Testing of Convolutional Neural Networks for Autonomous Driving

We present a framework to systematically analyze convolutional neural networks (CNNs) used in classification of cars in autonomous vehicles. Our analysis procedure comprises an image generator that produces synthetic pictures by sampling in a lower dimension image modification subspace and a suite of visualization tools. The image generator produces images which can be used to test the CNN and hence expose its vulnerabilities. The presented framework can be used to extract insights of the CNN classifier, compare across classification models, or generate training and validation datasets.

[1]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Generative Adversarial Nets , 2014, NIPS.

[2]  Mykel J. Kochenderfer,et al.  Reluplex: An Efficient SMT Solver for Verifying Deep Neural Networks , 2017, CAV.

[3]  Forrest N. Iandola,et al.  SqueezeDet: Unified, Small, Low Power Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Real-Time Object Detection for Autonomous Driving , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW).

[4]  Ananthram Swami,et al.  The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial Settings , 2015, 2016 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P).

[5]  Min Wu,et al.  Safety Verification of Deep Neural Networks , 2016, CAV.

[6]  Jean Ponce,et al.  Vanishing point detection for road detection , 2009, CVPR.

[7]  Mark Dougherty,et al.  A REVIEW OF NEURAL NETWORKS APPLIED TO TRANSPORT , 1995 .

[8]  Joan Bruna,et al.  Intriguing properties of neural networks , 2013, ICLR.

[9]  Andreas Geiger,et al.  Vision meets robotics: The KITTI dataset , 2013, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[10]  I. Sobol Uniformly distributed sequences with an additional uniform property , 1976 .

[11]  J. Halton On the efficiency of certain quasi-random sequences of points in evaluating multi-dimensional integrals , 1960 .

[12]  Sanjit A. Seshia,et al.  Compositional Falsification of Cyber-Physical Systems with Machine Learning Components , 2017, NFM.

[13]  Ali Farhadi,et al.  You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[14]  Mohamed Aly,et al.  Real time detection of lane markers in urban streets , 2008, 2008 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium.

[15]  Xin Zhang,et al.  End to End Learning for Self-Driving Cars , 2016, ArXiv.

[16]  H. Niederreiter Low-discrepancy and low-dispersion sequences , 1988 .

[17]  Roberto Cipolla,et al.  MultiNet: Real-time Joint Semantic Reasoning for Autonomous Driving , 2016, 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV).