Epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases in transplant recipients. Review of the literature and experience of a Brazilian HSCT center.

The rising success rate of solid organ (SOT) and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and modern immunosuppression make transplants the first therapeutic option for many diseases affecting a considerable number of people worldwide. Consequently, developing countries have also grown their transplant programs and have started to face the impact of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in transplant recipients. We reviewed the literature data on the epidemiology of NTDs with greatest disease burden, which have affected transplant recipients in developing countries or may represent a threat to transplant recipients living in other regions. Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Chagas disease, Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Yellow fever and Measles are the topics included in this review. In addition, we retrospectively revised the experience concerning the management of NTDs at the HSCT program of Amaral Carvalho Foundation, a public transplant program of the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

[1]  N. Buyan,et al.  Measles: A rare communicable disease in a child with renal transplantation , 2002, Pediatric transplantation.

[2]  J. Jannin,et al.  The future of Chagas disease control. , 2006, Trends in parasitology.

[3]  P. Desjeux.  Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. , 2004, Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases.

[4]  K. Salmela,et al.  Leishmaniasis diagnosed from bronchoalveolar lavage. , 1992, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[5]  G. Biancofiore,et al.  Fever, mental impairment, acute anemia, and renal failure in patient undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation: Posttransplantation malaria , 2006, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[6]  E. Bocchi,et al.  Risk factors for Chagas' disease reactivation after heart transplantation. , 2008, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[7]  David L. Cohn.  Targeted Tuberculin Testing and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection ATS / CDC Statement Committee on Latent Tuberculosis Infection Membership List , June 2000 Co-Chairs , 2015 .

[8]  Eli Schwartz,et al.  Dengue in travelers. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  J. Medina-Pestana,et al.  Strategies for establishing organ transplant programs in developing countries: the Latin America and Caribbean experience. , 2006, Artificial organs.

[10]  Z. Başlar,et al.  The frequency of tuberculosis in adult allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients in Turkey. , 2000, Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

[11]  G. John,et al.  Leprosy and renal transplantation. , 1998, Leprosy Review.

[12]  Measles once again endemic in the United Kingdom. , 2008, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[13]  D. Jeyaratnam,et al.  Measles‐Associated Encephalopathy in Children with Renal Transplants , 2006, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[14]  Chagas disease after organ transplantation--United States, 2001. , 2002, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[15]  M. Cetron,et al.  Prevention of yellow fever in persons traveling to the tropics. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[16]  Michael S. Rendall,et al.  The foreign-born population , 2005 .

[17]  L. Rodrigues,et al.  Contact with armadillos increases the risk of leprosy in Brazil: a case control study. , 2008, Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology.

[18]  P. Ljungman,et al.  Mycobacterial infection: a difficult and late diagnosis in stem cell transplant recipients. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[19]  M. Vazquez,et al.  Special infections in organ transplantation in South America. , 1992, Transplantation proceedings.

[20]  P. Machado,et al.  Mucosal leishmaniasis: epidemiological and clinical aspects , 2007, Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology.

[21]  D. Cohn.  Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. , 2003, Seminars in respiratory infections.

[22]  W. Passalacqua,et al.  [Chagas' disease in patients with renal transplantation]. , 1989, Revista medica de Chile.

[23]  A. A. Sousa,et al.  Chagas seropositive donors in kidney transplantation. , 2004, Transplantation proceedings.

[24]  J. Muñoz-Jordán,et al.  Dengue virus in blood donations, Puerto Rico, 2005 , 2008, Transfusion.

[25]  M. Edmond,et al.  A tuberculosis outbreak in a renal transplant program. , 1991, Transplantation proceedings.

[26]  R. López-Vélez,et al.  Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-organ Transplantation , 2022 .

[27]  Robert T. Chen,et al.  Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2002 , 2002 .

[28]  J. Marin-Neto,et al.  Organ Transplantation and Chagas Disease—Reply , 2008 .

[29]  E. Bocchi,et al.  The paradox of survival results after heart transplantation for cardiomyopathy caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. First Guidelines Group for Heart Transplantation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. , 2001, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[30]  I. Tezcan,et al.  Tuberculin skin test positivity in pediatric allogeneic BMT recipients and donors in Turkey , 2007, Pediatric transplantation.

[31]  Rudolf Rocker.  Extranjeros en España , 1938 .

[32]  G. John,et al.  Dengue shock syndrome in a liver transplant recipient. , 2004 .

[33]  J. R. Cruz,et al.  Safety of the Blood Supply in Latin America , 2005, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[34]  P. Hotez,et al.  Control of neglected tropical diseases. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  C. Murray,et al.  Case-control study of armadillo contact and Hansen's disease. , 2006, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[36]  L. Mascola,et al.  Chagas disease after organ transplantation--Los Angeles, California, 2006. , 2006, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[37]  W. P. Duprex,et al.  Morbilliviruses and human disease , 2006, The Journal of pathology.

[38]  G. Gahrton,et al.  Efficacy and safety of vaccination of marrow transplant recipients with a live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. , 1989, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[39]  Yaobi Zhang,et al.  Control of neglected tropical diseases needs a long-term commitment , 2010, BMC medicine.

[40]  P. Tambyah,et al.  Dengue haemorrhagic fever after living donor renal transplantation. , 2005, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[41]  C. Pannuti,et al.  Measles in bone marrow transplant recipients during an outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil. , 2002, Blood.

[42]  Y. Sakakihara,et al.  Efficacy and safety of immunization for pre- and post- liver transplant children , 2002, Transplantation.

[43]  K. E. Luthy,et al.  Safety of live‐virus vaccines for children with immune deficiency , 2006, Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners.

[44]  P. Desjeux.  The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. , 2001, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[45]  E. Bouza,et al.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in recipients of solid organ transplants. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[46]  J. Quaranta,et al.  Occurrence of Leishmania infantum Parasitemia in Asymptomatic Blood Donors Living in an Area of Endemicity in Southern France , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[47]  M. Mancini,et al.  A Case Study in Hansen's Disease Acquired After Heart Transplant , 2004, Critical care nursing quarterly.

[48]  K. Modi,et al.  Lepromatous Leprosy in a Heart Transplant Recipient , 2003, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[49]  S. Montgomery,et al.  Chagas disease and the US blood supply , 2008, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[50]  Robert H Gilman,et al.  Evaluation and treatment of chagas disease in the United States: a systematic review. , 2007, JAMA.

[51]  R. Lanciotti,et al.  Dengue viremia in blood donors from Honduras, Brazil, and Australia , 2008, Transfusion.

[52]  C. Viana,et al.  Dengue shock syndrome in a liver transplant recipient. , 2006, Transplantation.

[53]  L. Goldberg,et al.  An uncommon presentation of an uncommon disease: leprosy in a heart transplant recipient. , 2006, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[54]  M. Sterneck,et al.  Transmission of malaria tertiana by multi‐organ donation , 1999, Clinical transplantation.

[55]  L. Abel,et al.  Susceptibility to leprosy is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene. , 1998, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[56]  N. Gay.  The theory of measles elimination: implications for the design of elimination strategies. , 2004, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[57]  J. Castro,et al.  The health and economic impact of dengue in Latin America. , 2007, Cadernos de saude publica.

[58]  Roque Aras Júnior,et al.  Acute Chagas disease outbreak associated with oral transmission. , 2008, Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical.

[59]  M. Pai,et al.  Meta-analysis: New Tests for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Areas of Uncertainty and Recommendations for Research , 2007, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[60]  M. Guzmán,et al.  Dengue: an update. , 2002, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[61]  K. Kain,et al.  Leprosy: a primer for Canadian physicians. , 2004, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[62]  L. D'Albuquerque,et al.  Liver Transplantation from Deceased Donors Serologically Positive for Chagas Disease , 2007, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[63]  Maria Elena Bottazzi,et al.  The Neglected Tropical Diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: A Review of Disease Burden and Distribution and a Roadmap for Control and Elimination , 2008, PLoS neglected tropical diseases.

[64]  H. Einsele,et al.  Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a global perspective. , 2009, Bone marrow transplantation.

[65]  I. Roberts,et al.  Donor-derived Plasmodium vivax infection following volunteer unrelated bone marrow transplantation , 1998, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[66]  C. Pannuti,et al.  Early measles vaccination in bone marrow transplant recipients , 2005, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[67]  Weltgesundheitsorganisation.  World malaria report , 2005 .

[68]  Hermann Einsele,et al.  Guidelines for Preventing Infectious Complications among Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients: A Global Perspective , 2009, Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

[69]  P. Whitington,et al.  Measles vaccination after orthotopic liver transplantation. , 1993, The Journal of pediatrics.

[70]  E. Segura,et al.  Chagas' disease in patients with kidney transplants: 7 years of experience 1989-1996. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[71]  J. Torres,et al.  The health and economic impact of dengue in , 2007 .

[72]  G. Clark,et al.  The dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemic in Puerto Rico, 1994-1995. , 2001, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[73]  U. Mukundan,et al.  Risk factors for post-transplant tuberculosis. , 2001, Kidney international.

[74]  J. Erlichman,et al.  Live virus immunization after orthotopic liver transplantation , 2006, Pediatric transplantation.

[75]  Bonita E. Lee,et al.  Loss of antibodies to measles and varicella following solid organ transplantation in children , 2005, Pediatric transplantation.

[76]  Nina Singh,et al.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in solid-organ transplant recipients: impact and implications for management. , 1998, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[77]  Fatema Jawad,et al.  Renal transplantation in developing countries. , 2003, Kidney international. Supplement.

[78]  W. Orenstein.  The Theory of Measles Elimination: Implications for the Design of Elimination Strategies , 2004 .

[79]  C. Dye,et al.  World Malaria Report, 2008. , 2008 .

[80]  E. Sabbaga,et al.  [Kidney transplantation: a new way of transmitting chagas disease]. , 1981, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo.

[81]  F. Saggioro,et al.  Six cases of leprosy associated with allogeneic hematopoietic SCT , 2007, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[82]  D. Rose.  Benefits of screening for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[83]  G. John,et al.  Dengue shock syndrome in a renal transplant recipient. , 2004, Transplantation.

[84]  Fundação Nacional de Saúde.  Manual dos centros de referências de imunobiológicos especiais , 2001 .

[85]  V. Tran,et al.  Malaria infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a child with thalassemia , 1997, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[86]  A. Barrett,et al.  Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered. , 2007, Annual review of entomology.

[87]  H. Karakayalı,et al.  Prevalence of mycobacterial infection in solid organ transplant recipients. , 2001, Transplantation proceedings.

[88]  Blood donor screening for chagas disease--United States, 2006-2007. , 2007, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[89]  P. Meylan,et al.  Recurrent cytomegalovirus disease, visceral leishmaniosis, and Legionella pneumonia after liver transplantation: a case report , 2004, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[90]  J. Goss,et al.  Vaccinations for Adult Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: Current Recommendations and Protocols , 2003, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[91]  C. Albuquerque,et al.  [Scorpionism caused by Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones; Buthidae) in State of Pernambuco]. , 2009, Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical.

[92]  K. Jin,et al.  Acute colitis associated with dengue fever in a renal transplant recipient. , 2008, Transplantation proceedings.

[93]  Matthias Niedrig,et al.  Development of viremia and humoral and cellular parameters of immune activation after vaccination with yellow fever virus strain 17D: A model of human flavivirus infection , 1998, Journal of medical virology.

[94]  Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos.  Febre amarela Yellow fever , 2003 .

[95]  Madhukar Pai,et al.  Systematic Review: T-Cellbased Assays for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: An Update , 2008, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[96]  C. Renaud,et al.  Dengue has a benign presentation in renal transplant patients: A case series , 2007, Nephrology.

[97]  C. Cantarell,et al.  Clinical presentation and outcome of tuberculosis in kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients in Spain. Spanish Transplantation Infection Study Group, GESITRA. , 1997, Transplantation.

[98]  M. Cetron,et al.  Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[99]  S. Lee,et al.  Infectious complications and outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Korea , 2004, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[100]  J. E. Staples,et al.  Yellow fever vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). , 2010, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[101]  E. David‐Neto,et al.  Dengue in renal transplant patients: a retrospective analysis. , 2007, Transplantation.

[102]  J. Alvar,et al.  Leishmania in discarded syringes from intravenous drug users , 2002, The Lancet.

[103]  Update: measles--United States, January-July 2008. , 2008, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[104]  H. Bedford,et al.  Measles , 1889, BMJ.

[105]  D. Vaughn,et al.  Dengue: an escalating problem , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[106]  E. Sabbagh,et al.  Transplante de rim: nova modalidade de transmissao da doenca de Chagas , 1981 .

[107]  D. Lockwood,et al.  Leprosy: too complex a disease for a simple elimination paradigm. , 2005, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[108]  L. Chiche,et al.  Posttransplant malaria: first case of transmission of Plasmodium falciparum from a white multiorgan donor to four recipients. , 2003, Transplantation.

[109]  L. Figueiredo,et al.  Dengue serologic survey of schoolchildren in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1986 and 1987. , 1990, Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization.

[110]  R. Byard.  Recurrent cyanotic episodes with severe arterial hypoxaemia and intrapulmonary shunting: a mechanism for sudden death. , 1991, Archives of disease in childhood.

[111]  J. Tan,et al.  Immunosuppressive measles encephalitis in a patient with a renal transplant. , 1979, Archives of neurology.

[112]  A. Barrett,et al.  Yellow fever vaccine , 2005, Expert review of vaccines.

[113]  S. Antinori,et al.  Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an increasing threat for travellers. , 2005, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[114]  Yoo-Jin Kim,et al.  A fatal case of measles pneumonia complicating an adult recipient of hemopoietic stem cell transplantation during the nationwide epidemic in Korea. , 2006, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[115]  S. Antinori,et al.  Leishmaniasis among organ transplant recipients. , 2008, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[116]  Marcus Miranda Lessa,et al.  Leishmaniose mucosa: aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos , 2007 .