Cognition and Tool Use: Forms of Engagement in Human and Animal Use of Tools

Introduction Introduction What Is a Tool? Tools as "Augmentation Means" Everyday Cognition Forms of Engagement The Structure of the Book How Animals Use Tools Introduction Tool Use by Invertebrates and Fish Tool Use by Birds Tool Use by Mammals Motor Engagement: Pre-Adaptive or Goal-Directed? Discussion Tool Use by Primates and Young Children Introduction Tool Use by Chimpanzee Observed in the Wild Tool Use by Other Primates Observed in the Wild Primate Tool Use in Captivity Primate and Human Infant Development Cultural Engagement Discussion The Making of Tools Introduction Making Stone Tools Studies of Primates Working Stone Types of Stone Tool Cultural Engagement Discussion Working with Tools Introduction Tacit Knowledge Forms of Engagement Discussion The Design of Tools Introduction Anthropometry of the Human Hand Properties of Tools Using Tools: Posture, Balance, and Activity Basic Principles of Tool Design The Semantics of Tools Introduction Product Semantics Signifying Form Aesthetics Signifying Function Signifying Operation Tools as "objects to think with" Cultural Significations Physical Tools/Cognitive Tools Discussion How Tool Use Breaks Down Introduction Human Error Accidents and Injuries when Using Tools Tool Use and Motor Impairment Apraxia Discussion Cognitive Artifacts Introduction Artifacts and Human Performance Activity Flow Tools as Cognitive Artifacts Discussion Tools in the Twenty-First Century Introduction Divisions of Labor/Allocation of Function Virtual Tools Real Objects in Virtual Space Discussion Towards a Theory of Tool Use Introduction Cognition Environmental and Morphological Engagement: Types of Affordance Motor Engagement: Task Specific Devices Perceptual Engagement: Interpreting Feedback Cognitive Engagement: Cognitive Schema Cultural Engagement: Representing Activity Discussion Conclusions Introduction Forms of Engagement Contrasting Animal with Human Tool Use Developing a Theory of Tool Use Relating Schema to Forms of Engagement Influencing Design Discussion