Introductory overview: Evapotranspiration (ET) models for controlled environment agriculture (CEA)

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is the total amount of water lost from evaporation and transpiration via plant growing media and plant surfaces. ET models have been widely researched for outdoor plants, forests, and wetlands. However, studies on ET models for controlled environment agriculture (CEA) are limited. Reliable predictions of ET in CEA are essential for quantifying the performance of CEA systems. This review focused on evaluating the twelve existing ET models that have been used for indoor ET estimation. Also, we provided an overview of the key parameters that affect ET in existing ET models and different calibration methods for ET models. We summarized existing studies on crop coefficient and stomatal conductance and reviewed case studies that utilized ET models for different CEA applications. We identified research gaps in ET modeling and highlighted research needs for ET parameter interdependence, validation of existing models for indoor farming, and a comprehensive crop resistance model.

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