Higher-Order Loudspeakers and Active Compensation for Improved 2D Sound Field Reproduction in Rooms

A prototype 2D surround sound system was developed to investigate the use of higher order loudspeakers and active compensation to both eliminate unwanted reflections and to improve spatial accuracy in semi-reverberant rooms. The loudspeakers, and the calibration microphone, were cylindrical designs as these are lower cost than spherical designs and better suited to 2D reproduction. This paper presents the cylindrical coordinate based theory for the calibration of the system, a description of the transducers and processing system, and experimental results obtained using a sound reproduction system consisting of five thirdorder loudspeakers. Approximately anechoic reproduction is achieved over a radius exceeding 90 mm and over a frequency range up to 8 kHz. Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: Higher order loudspeakers for improved surround sound reproduction in rooms revision 1.pdf 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

[1]  Jerome Daniel,et al.  Ambisonics Encoding of Other Audio Formats for Multiple Listening Conditions , 1998 .

[2]  Francis Rumsey,et al.  Effects of Loudspeaker Directivity on Perceived Sound Quality - A Review of Existing Studies , 2009 .

[3]  Etienne Parizet,et al.  Investigation on localisation accuracy for first and higher order ambisonics reproduced sound sources , 2013 .

[4]  Mark A. Poletti,et al.  Two dimensional sound field reproduction using higher order sources to exploit room reflections. , 2014, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[5]  Marinus M. Boone,et al.  Spatial sound-field reproduction by wave-field synthesis , 1995 .

[6]  G. F. Kuhn.  Model for the interaural time differences in the azimuthal plane , 1977 .

[7]  Mark A. Poletti,et al.  The Design of Encoding Functions for Stereophonic and Polyphonic Sound Systems , 1996 .

[8]  D. R. White.  Wide-Range Electrostatic Loudspeaker with a Zero-Free Polar Response* , 2009 .

[9]  Thushara D. Abhayapala,et al.  Reproduction of a plane-wave sound field using an array of loudspeakers , 2001, IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process..

[10]  Mikael Sternad,et al.  Extending the area silenced by active noise control using multiple loudspeakers , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).

[11]  Ramani Duraiswami,et al.  Plane-Wave Decomposition of Acoustical Scenes Via Spherical and Cylindrical Microphone Arrays , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[12]  Rodney A. Kennedy,et al.  Intrinsic Limits of Dimensionality and Richness in Random Multipath Fields , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[13]  Mark A. Poletti,et al.  Three-Dimensional Surround Sound Systems Based on Spherical Harmonics , 2005 .

[14]  Boaz Rafaely,et al.  Spherical loudspeaker array for local active control of sound. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[15]  Michael J. Gerzon.  Periphony: With-Height Sound Reproduction , 1973 .

[16]  Walter Kellermann,et al.  Acoustic source detection and localization based on wavefield decomposition using circular microphone arrays , 2006 .

[17]  Michael Barron,et al.  Spatial responsiveness in concert halls and the origins of spatial impression , 2001 .

[18]  Thushara D. Abhayapala,et al.  Theory and design of high order sound field microphones using spherical microphone array , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[19]  Boaz Rafaely,et al.  Analysis and design of spherical microphone arrays , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing.

[20]  Christof Faller,et al.  Design of a Compact Cylindrical Loudspeaker Array for Spatial Sound Reproduction , 2011 .

[21]  Augusto Sarti,et al.  A Psychoacoustic-Based Analysis of the Impact of Pre-Echoes and Post-Echoes in Soundfield Rendering Applications , 2012, IWAENC.

[22]  Augusto Sarti,et al.  A geometrical approach to room compensation for sound field rendering applications , 2014, 2014 22nd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO).

[23]  Rodney A. Kennedy,et al.  Equalization in an acoustic reverberant environment: robustness results , 2000, IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process..

[24]  Jacob Benesty,et al.  On Spatial Aliasing in Microphone Arrays , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[25]  B. Rafaely,et al.  Sound-field analysis by plane-wave decomposition using spherical microphone array , 2005 .

[26]  Adrian Freed,et al.  A Compact 120 Independent Element Spherical Loudspeaker Array with Programable Radiation Patterns , 2006 .

[27]  Rozenn Nicol,et al.  3D-Sound Reproduction Over an Extensive Listening Area: A Hybrid Method Derived from Holophony and Ambisonic , 1999 .

[28]  R. C. Williamson,et al.  Theory and design of broadband sensor arrays with frequency invariant far‐field beam patterns , 1995 .

[29]  Michael D. Zoltowski,et al.  Real-time frequency and 2-D angle estimation with sub-Nyquist spatio-temporal sampling , 1994, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[30]  Thushara D. Abhayapala,et al.  Higher Order Loudspeakers for Improved Surround Sound Reproduction in Rooms , 2012 .

[31]  Mark A. Poletti,et al.  Design of a Prototype Variable Directivity Loudspeaker for Improved Surround Sound Reproduction in Rooms , 2013 .

[32]  Jonathan P. Wakefield,et al.  The design of ambisonic decoders for the itu 5.1 layout with even performance characteristics , 2008 .

[33]  Bruce Wiggins,et al.  The generation of panning laws for irregular speaker arrays using heuristic methods , 2007 .

[34]  Philip A. Nelson,et al.  Active cancellation at a point in a pure tone diffuse sound field , 1988 .

[35]  A. Berkhout,et al.  Acoustic control by wave field synthesis , 1993 .

[36]  Ramani Duraiswami,et al.  Flexible and Optimal Design of Spherical Microphone Arrays for Beamforming , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[37]  Sascha Spors,et al.  Active listening room compensation for massive multichannel sound reproduction systems using wave-domain adaptive filtering. , 2007, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  Martin Schneider,et al.  Adaptive listening room equalization using a scalable filtering structure in thewave domain , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).

[39]  Jerome Daniel,et al.  Spatial Sound Encoding Including Near Field Effect: Introducing Distance Coding Filters and a Viable, New Ambisonic Format , 2003 .

[40]  Philippe-Aubert Gauthier,et al.  Adaptive wave field synthesis with independent radiation mode control for active sound field reproduction: Theorya) , 2006 .

[41]  M A Poletti,et al.  Interior and exterior sound field control using two dimensional higher-order variable-directivity sources. , 2012, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[42]  Etienne Corteel,et al.  Equalization in an extended area using multichannel inversion and wave field synthesis , 2006 .

[43]  Kiyohiro Shikano,et al.  Rapid Compensation of Temperature Fluctuation Effect for Multichannel Sound Field Reproduction System , 2008, IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci..

[44]  Adrian Bahne,et al.  Compensation of Loudspeaker–Room Responses in a Robust MIMO Control Framework , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[45]  Boaz Rafaely,et al.  Optimal Model-Based Beamforming and Independent Steering for Spherical Loudspeaker Arrays , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[46]  Frank Melchior,et al.  Spatial Sound With Loudspeakers and Its Perception: A Review of the Current State , 2013, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[47]  Christof Faller,et al.  Reproducing Sound Fields Using MIMO Acoustic Channel Inversion , 2011 .

[48]  Nicolas Epain,et al.  Comparison of the measured and theoretical performance of a broadband circular microphone array. , 2011, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[49]  R. Rabenstein,et al.  The Theory of Wave Field Synthesis Revisited , 2008 .

[50]  J. Daniel,et al.  Représentation de champs acoustiques, application à la transmission et à la reproduction de scènes sonores complexes dans un contexte multimédia , 2000 .

[51]  René Causse,et al.  Radiation Synthesis with Digitally Controlled Loudspeakers , 1997 .

[52]  Sascha Spors,et al.  Comparison of Higher Order Ambisonics and Wave Field Synthesis with Respect to Spatial Discretization Artifacts in Time Domain , 2010 .

[53]  J. Ahrens,et al.  An Analytical Approach to Sound Field Reproduction Using Circular and Spherical Loudspeaker Distributions , 2008 .

[54]  Yonina C. Eldar,et al.  Reconstruction of nonuniformly sampled periodic signals: algorithms and stability analysis , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 11th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2004. ICECS 2004..

[55]  Juha Merimaa,et al.  Spatial Impulse Response Rendering I: Analysis and Synthesis , 2005 .

[56]  Peter G. Craven,et al.  Continuous Surround Panning for 5-Speaker Reproduction , 2003 .

[57]  Finn Jacobsen,et al.  Beamforming with a circular microphone array for localization of environmental noise sources. , 2010, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[58]  Michael A. Gerzon,et al.  Ambisonics in Multichannel Broadcasting and Video , 1985 .

[59]  L. Deck,et al.  Three-dimensional imaging by sub-Nyquist sampling of white-light interferograms. , 1993, Optics letters.

[60]  Thushara D. Abhayapala,et al.  Efficient Multi-Channel Adaptive Room Compensation for Spatial Soundfield Reproduction Using a Modal Decomposition , 2014, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[61]  Bradford N Gover,et al.  Microphone array measurement system for analysis of directional and spatial variations of sound fields. , 2002, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[62]  Boaz Rafaely,et al.  Zones of quiet in a broadband diffuse sound field , 2001, 2310.04191.

[63]  Filippo Maria Fazi,et al.  Evaluation of Ambisonics Decoding Methods with Experimental Measurements , 2014 .

[64]  Mikael Sternad,et al.  Design and Analysis of Linear Quadratic Gaussian Feedforward Controllers for Active Noise Control , 2014, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[65]  Tony J. Rouphael,et al.  A spatial interpolation algorithm for the upsampling of uniform linear arrays , 1999, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[66]  Henry Stark,et al.  Comments and corrections on the use of polar sampling theorems in CT , 1983 .

[67]  N. Aoshima.  Computer‐generated pulse signal applied for sound measurement , 1981 .

[68]  Gottfried Behler,et al.  Variable Directivity for Platonic Sound Sources Based on Spherical Harmonics Optimization , 2009 .

[69]  Philippe-Aubert Gauthier,et al.  Adaptive Wave Field Synthesis for Sound Field Reproduction: Theory, Experiments, and Future Perspectives , 2007 .

[70]  Boaz Rafaely.  The Spherical-Shell Microphone Array , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[71]  Brian G. Ferguson.  Remedying the effects of array shape distortion on the spatial filtering of acoustic data from a line array of hydrophones , 1993 .

[72]  Jens Meyer,et al.  Spherical Microphone Array for Spatial Sound Recording , 2002 .

[73]  Terence Betlehem,et al.  Theory and design of sound field reproduction in reverberant rooms. , 2005, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[74]  Remy Bruno,et al.  A New Comprehensive Approach of Surround Sound Recording , 2003 .

[75]  Jerome Daniel,et al.  Improving Spherical Microphone Arrays , 2008 .

[76]  Jeffery S. Bamford,et al.  Ambisonic Sound for Us , 1995 .

[77]  Jens Meyer,et al.  Beamforming for a circular microphone array mounted on spherically shaped objects , 2001 .

[78]  Buye Xu,et al.  Generalized acoustic energy density based active noise control in single frequency diffuse sound fields. , 2014, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[79]  Gary W. Elko,et al.  Spherical Microphone Arrays for 3D Sound Recording , 2004 .

[80]  José Roberto de França Arruda,et al.  Application of Acoustic Radiation Modes in the Directivity Control by a Spherical Loudspeaker Array , 2010 .

[81]  Christof Faller,et al.  Binaural cue coding-Part I: psychoacoustic fundamentals and design principles , 2003, IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process..

[82]  Christof Faller,et al.  Binaural cue coding-Part II: Schemes and applications , 2003, IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process..