Integration of reverse engineering and non-linear numerical analysis for the seismic assessment of historical adobe buildings

Abstract This paper aims at presenting a methodology that integrates reverse engineering tools with a combination of advanced and simplified analytical methods to perform predictive analysis of the structural behavior of historical adobe buildings under seismic loads. This methodology proposes the joint use of terrestrial laser scanner and photogrammetry to obtain accurate geometrical models. The methodology also proposes the in-situ measurement of structural system properties through experimental modal tests. All the collected information is used to create representative Finite Element models which are then considered for performing predictive non-linear analyses and identifying the most probable collapse mechanisms. Limit analysis method is finally used to complement the analysis and to assess the structural performance of the adobe building under study considering different seismic scenarios. The methodology proposed in this paper is validated in the church of San Juan Bautista de Huaro, located in Cusco, Peru. This church was built in the 16th century and is known for its impressive mural paintings covering the entire indoor surface of the church. The results of the seismic assessment methodology proposed in this paper allowed to estimate the global behavior and possible damage patterns in the church during seismic events, showing that the most probable failure mechanisms would be the global rocking of the facade and the partial collapse of tympanum of the facade. The application of this methodology also allowed defining the performance levels of this church when facing different seismic scenarios. The results showed that the church should stay in a safe state until occasional earthquakes with a return period of 72 years. However, the results also indicate that rare earthquakes (return period of 475 years) will produce an unsafe structural condition with partial collapses of structural elements.

[1]  Lucio Nobile,et al.  Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of a Historical Church: Limit Analysis and Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis , 2013 .

[2]  Luís F. Ramos,et al.  Integrating geomatic approaches, Operational Modal Analysis, advanced numerical and updating methods to evaluate the current safety conditions of the historical Bôco Bridge , 2018 .

[3]  Luís F. Ramos,et al.  Damage identification on masonry structures based on vibration signatures , 2007 .

[4]  João Almeida.  Mechanical characterization of traditional adobe masonry elements , 2012 .

[5]  Walter Salvatore,et al.  Evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability of Santa Maria del Mar in Barcelona by an Integrated Approach Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Finite Element Modeling , 2014 .

[6]  D D Ayala,et al.  Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Peruvian Earthen Churches by Means of Numerical Modelling , 2012 .

[7]  Fabio Remondino,et al.  Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning , 2011, Remote. Sens..

[8]  Paulo B. Lourenço,et al.  Structural assessment and seismic vulnerability of earthen historic structures. Application of sophisticated numerical and simple analytical models , 2018 .

[9]  Alessandro Cabboi,et al.  From continuous vibration monitoring to FEM-based damage assessment: Application on a stone-masonry tower , 2017 .

[10]  Paulo B. Lourenço,et al.  Engineering simulations of a super-complex cultural heritage building: Ica Cathedral in Peru , 2018 .

[11]  Philippe De Smedt,et al.  Towards a three-dimensional cost-effective registration of the archaeological heritage , 2013 .

[12]  Nabil Anwer,et al.  From reverse engineering to shape engineering in mechanical design , 2016 .

[13]  Alejandro Trujillo,et al.  Seismic performance of the St. George of the Latins church: Lessons learned from studying masonry ruins , 2012 .

[14]  Gianni Bartoli,et al.  Dynamic identification of historic masonry towers through an expeditious and no-contact approach: Application to the “Torre del Mangia” in Siena (Italy) , 2014 .

[15]  Daniela Isidori,et al.  Numerical model upgrading of a historical masonry palace monitored with a wireless sensor network , 2016 .

[16]  H. Eisenbeiss,et al.  Combining photogrammetry and laser scanning for the recording and modelling of the Late Intermediate Period site of Pinchango Alto, Palpa, Peru , 2007 .

[17]  Guido De Roeck,et al.  REFERENCE-BASED STOCHASTIC SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION FOR OUTPUT-ONLY MODAL ANALYSIS , 1999 .

[18]  Francesco Ubertini,et al.  An innovative numerical modeling strategy for the structural analysis of historical monumental buildings , 2017 .

[19]  Bruce M. Douglas,et al.  DYNAMIC TESTS AND SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGES , 1982 .

[20]  Gabriele Guidi,et al.  Three-dimensional acquisition of large and detailed cultural heritage objects , 2006, Machine Vision and Applications.

[21]  Pere Roca,et al.  Seismic safety assessment of historical structures using updated numerical models: The case of Mallorca cathedral in Spain , 2017 .

[22]  Ralph R. Martin,et al.  Reverse engineering of geometric models - an introduction , 1997, Comput. Aided Des..

[23]  Stefano Lenci,et al.  Seismic Assessment of a Monumental Building through Nonlinear Analyses of a 3D Solid Model , 2018 .

[24]  Debra F. Laefer,et al.  Processing of terrestrial laser scanning point cloud data for computational modelling of building facades , 2011 .

[25]  Diego González-Aguilera,et al.  The combination of geomatic approaches and operational modal analysis to improve calibration of finite element models: A case of study in Saint Torcato Church (Guimarães, Portugal) , 2014 .

[26]  Luigia Binda,et al.  The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna: Investigation on the current structural faults and their mid-term evolution , 2007 .

[27]  Paulo B. Lourenço,et al.  Recommendations for restoration of ancient buildings and the survival of a masonry chimney , 2006 .

[28]  G. Bitelli,et al.  TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUES TO MONITOR LANDSLIDE BODIES , 2004 .

[29]  Gabriele Milani,et al.  Comparative pushover and limit analyses on seven masonry churches damaged by the 2012 Emilia-Romagna (Italy) seismic events: Possibilities of non-linear finite elements compared with pre-assigned failure mechanisms , 2015 .

[30]  Andrea Vignoli,et al.  Comparative Seismic Risk Assessment of Basilica-type Churches , 2018 .

[31]  R. van der Pluijm,et al.  Out-of-plane bending of masonry behaviour and strength , 1999 .

[32]  Rui Filipe Pedreira Marques,et al.  Investigations on the structural behaviour of archaeological heritage in Peru: From survey to seismic assessment , 2015 .

[33]  Paulo B. Lourenço,et al.  Dynamic Identification and FE Updating of S. Torcato Church, Portugal , 2011 .

[34]  Kathryn A. Ingle,et al.  Reverse Engineering , 1996, Springer US.

[35]  N. Yastikli.  Documentation of cultural heritage using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning , 2007 .

[36]  Gianni Bartoli,et al.  Advanced procedure for documenting and assessment of Cultural Heritage: from Laser Scanning to Finite Element. , 2018, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

[37]  Belén Riveiro,et al.  Structural assessment of masonry arch bridges by combination of non-destructive testing techniques and three-dimensional numerical modelling: Application to Vilanova bridge , 2017 .

[38]  Higinio González-Jorge,et al.  Laser Scanning Technology: Fundamentals, Principles and Applications in Infrastructure , 2016 .

[39]  E. Leroy Tolles,et al.  Seismic Stabilization of Historic Adobe Structures , 2000 .

[40]  Felipe Buill Pozuelo,et al.  Generation of virtual models of cultural heritage , 2012 .

[41]  Helena Rua,et al.  Living the past: 3D models, virtual reality and game engines as tools for supporting archaeology and the reconstruction of cultural heritage – the case-study of the Roman villa of Casal de Freiria , 2011 .