New Technical Improvements for TRUS in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Abstract Objectives: Together with the aging population the incidence of prostate cancer (Pca) is still increasing. For the detection of Pca the PSA blood test, digital rectal examination (DRE), and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) are frequently used methods. TRUS has an important role in diagnosing Pca. However, the low specificity and sensitivity of conventional grayscale TRUS have made it into a volume measuring and biopsy-guiding tool. Methods: A Medline literature search on transrectal ultrasound was performed and relevant articles were reviewed. Results: New ultrasound techniques were introduced to overcome the limitations of conventional grayscale TRUS. In this paper, an overview of developments in TRUS with 3D, Doppler, contrast, intermittent, harmonic, and pulse inversion techniques along with possibilities for future development are discussed. Conclusions: The underlying principles and methods are discussed briefly and clinical results published in recent literature are presented.

[1]  M Bruce,et al.  Stimulated acoustic emission: pseudo-Doppler shifts seen during the destruction of nonmoving microbubbles. , 2000, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[2]  L Pourcelot,et al.  Clinical use of ultrasound tissue harmonic imaging. , 1999, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[3]  D Chadwick,et al.  Staging of prostate cancer using 3-dimensional transrectal ultrasound images: a pilot study. , 1999, The Journal of urology.

[4]  V L Newhouse,et al.  Second harmonic ultrasonic blood perfusion measurement. , 1993, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[5]  D. Johnston,et al.  A comparative analysis of sextant and an extended 11-core multisite directed biopsy strategy. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[6]  G. Bartsch,et al.  Detection of prostate cancer with a microbubble ultrasound contrast agent , 2001, The Lancet.

[7]  D. Cosgrove,et al.  Microbubble echo-enhancers: a new direction for ultrasound? , 1997, The Lancet.

[8]  J J de la Rosette,et al.  Reproducibility of contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound of the prostate. , 2001, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[9]  B. Goldberg,et al.  Initial experience with contrast-enhanced sonography of the prostate. , 2000, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[10]  Y. Homma,et al.  Curriculum in Urology: Phimosis and Circumcision in Children , 1999, European Urology.

[11]  E J Halpern,et al.  Using gray-scale and color and power Doppler sonography to detect prostatic cancer. , 2000, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[12]  E. Halpern,et al.  Prostate cancer: contrast-enhanced us for detection. , 2001, Radiology.

[13]  K. Shinohara,et al.  Prospective evaluation of lateral biopsies of the peripheral zone for prostate cancer detection. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[14]  J. Folkman,et al.  Relation of vascular proliferation to tumor growth. , 1976, International review of experimental pathology.

[15]  N. de Jong,et al.  A new ultrasound contrast imaging approach based on the combination of multiple imaging pulses and a separate release burst , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[16]  P. Dayton,et al.  Optical and acoustical observations of the effects of ultrasound on contrast agents , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[17]  J J de la Rosette,et al.  Three-dimensional grayscale ultrasound: evaluation of prostate cancer compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia. , 2001, Urology.

[18]  C C Schulman,et al.  PSA, PSA density, PSA density of transition zone, free/total PSA ratio, and PSA velocity for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum PSA 2.5 to 4.0 ng/mL. , 1999, Urology.

[19]  R G Aarnink,et al.  Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional power Doppler angiography of the human prostate: correlation with biopsy outcome. , 1999, Urology.

[20]  R G Aarnink,et al.  Three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography and conventional examination methods: the value of diagnostic predictors of prostate cancer , 2000, BJU international.

[21]  F. Calliada,et al.  Ultrasound contrast agents: basic principles. , 1998, European journal of radiology.

[22]  Theo M. de Reijke,et al.  Transrectal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Perspectives , 2001, European Urology.

[23]  Y. Kono,et al.  Gray-scale second harmonic imaging of the liver with galactose-based microbubbles. , 1997, Investigative radiology.

[24]  E. Gertz,et al.  Detection of Coronary Artery Stenosis With Power Doppler Imaging , 2001, Circulation.

[25]  Taylor Murray,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2001 , 2001, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[26]  I. Ross,et al.  A prospective study to evaluate the role of complexed prostate specific antigen and free/total prostate specific antigen ratio for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[27]  T. Porter,et al.  Real-time perfusion imaging with low mechanical index pulse inversion Doppler imaging. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[28]  A R Jayaweera,et al.  Quantification of myocardial blood flow with ultrasound-induced destruction of microbubbles administered as a constant venous infusion. , 1998, Circulation.

[29]  Comparison of contrast enhanced color Doppler targeted biopsy with conventional systematic biopsy: impact on prostate cancer detection. , 2002 .

[30]  P. Dayton,et al.  Mechanisms of contrast agent destruction , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[31]  T. Miki,et al.  Transrectal power Doppler imaging in the detection of prostate cancer , 2000, BJU international.

[32]  R. Lang,et al.  Use of harmonic imaging without echocardiographic contrast to improve two-dimensional image quality. , 1998, The American journal of cardiology.

[33]  G. Seidel,et al.  Evaluation of blood flow in the cerebral microcirculation: analysis of the refill kinetics during ultrasound contrast agent infusion. , 2001, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[34]  T. H. van der Kwast,et al.  Prostate-specific antigen-based early detection of prostate cancer--validation of screening without rectal examination. , 2001, Urology.

[35]  U. Hamper,et al.  Three-dimensional US of the prostate: early experience. , 1999, Radiology.

[36]  W. Ellis,et al.  The significance of isoechoic prostatic carcinoma. , 1994, The Journal of urology.