Gamma test analysis tools for non-linear time series

This thesis is concerned with the development of new tools for non-linear time series modelling and prediction, and the subsequent application of these tools to the problems of crime prediction and global climate modelling. We review the state of time series modelling for conventional stochastic time series. After describing the Gamma test and related background material, we extend the available tools by developing a new M -test based heuristic for Gamma test confidence intervals. We go on to study and develop new results describing the effects of measurement error on modelling and predicting noisy time series. We then describe the application of new techniques, based around the Gamma test, that are capable of selecting predictively useful input variables for modelling and predicting non-linear time series. In the process of this work we developed a much sought after suite of R-tools which are now freely distributed on the R web-site (http://www.r-project.org). Finally, we illustrate the use of these tools by examining two very different types of time series data. The first relates to the problem of crime prediction, where the data emerged as inadequate to support the aspirations of the original researchers. The second modelling exercise takes available data sets for climate modelling and develops predictive models for global surface temperature. Gamma test analysis tools for non-linear time series Samuel Kemp

[1]  André Berger,et al.  Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 , 1991 .

[2]  Antonia J. Jones,et al.  The Construction of Smooth Models using Irregular Embeddings Determined by a Gamma Test Analysis , 2002, Neural Computing & Applications.

[3]  Tom Murray,et al.  Predicting sun spots using a layered perceptron neural network , 1996, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[4]  Kurt Hornik,et al.  Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators , 1989, Neural Networks.

[5]  I. D. Wilson,et al.  Predicting Housing Value: Genetic Algorithm Attribute Selection and Dependence Modelling Utilising the Gamma Test , 2004 .

[6]  E. Ziegel Forecasting and Time Series: An Applied Approach , 2000 .

[7]  Carsten Peterson,et al.  Finding the Embedding Dimension and Variable Dependencies in Time Series , 1994, Neural Computation.

[8]  I. D. Wilson,et al.  A TUTORIAL ON THE GAMMA TEST , 2022 .

[9]  Antonia J. Jones,et al.  Asymptotic moments of near–neighbour distance distributions , 2002, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[10]  Claus Fröhlich,et al.  The Sun's total irradiance: Cycles, trends and related climate change uncertainties since 1976 , 1998 .

[11]  R. Fletcher Practical Methods of Optimization , 1988 .

[12]  Antonia J. Jones,et al.  New tools in non-linear modelling and prediction , 2004, Comput. Manag. Sci..

[13]  H. Tong,et al.  Threshold Autoregression, Limit Cycles and Cyclical Data , 1980 .

[14]  Ellen G. Cohn,et al.  WEATHER, SEASONAL TRENDS AND PROPERTY CRIMES IN MINNEAPOLIS, 1987–1988. A MODERATOR-VARIABLE TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF ROUTINE ACTIVITIES , 2000 .

[15]  M. Hughes,et al.  Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations , 1999 .

[16]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[17]  Jon Louis Bentley,et al.  An Algorithm for Finding Best Matches in Logarithmic Expected Time , 1977, TOMS.

[18]  Claus Fröhlich,et al.  Total solar irradiance variations , 1999 .

[19]  R. Penrose On best approximate solutions of linear matrix equations , 1956, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[20]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical recipes in C , 2002 .

[21]  C. Chatfield,et al.  Neural networks: Forecasting breakthrough or passing fad? , 1993 .

[22]  J. Shewchuk An Introduction to the Conjugate Gradient Method Without the Agonizing Pain , 1994 .

[23]  李幼升,et al.  Ph , 1989 .

[24]  Ellen G. Cohn,et al.  Assault as a function of time and temperature : A moderator-variable time-series analysis , 1997 .

[25]  Christopher A. Sims,et al.  Advances in Econometrics , 1996 .

[26]  J. Rice Bandwidth Choice for Nonparametric Regression , 1984 .

[27]  I. D. Wilson,et al.  Predicting Housing Value : Attribute Selection and Dependence Modelling Utilising the Gamma Test , 2002 .

[28]  J. A. Stewart,et al.  Nonlinear Time Series Analysis , 2015 .

[29]  Robert A. Lordo,et al.  Learning from Data: Concepts, Theory, and Methods , 2001, Technometrics.

[30]  Chris Chatfield,et al.  Time series forecasting with neural networks: a comparative study using the air line data , 2008 .

[31]  J. Keith Ord,et al.  Automatic neural network modeling for univariate time series , 2000 .

[32]  Kevin Judd,et al.  Embedding as a modeling problem , 1998 .

[33]  Jon Louis Bentley,et al.  Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching , 1975, CACM.

[34]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Learning representations by back-propagating errors , 1986, Nature.

[35]  Thomas Kerr,et al.  The Proper Computation of the Matrix Pseudoinverse and its Impact in MVRO Filtering , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[36]  J. Andrew Ware,et al.  Residential property price time series forecasting with neural networks , 2002, Knowl. Based Syst..

[37]  Ellen G. Cohn,et al.  THE PREDICTION OF POLICE CALLS FOR SERVICE: THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER AND TEMPORAL VARIABLES ON RAPE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE , 1993 .

[38]  Roger Fletcher,et al.  Practical methods of optimization; (2nd ed.) , 1987 .

[39]  E. O. Hulburt,et al.  The Sun ’ s Total Irradiance : Cycles , Trends and Related Climate Change Uncertainties since 1976 , 1998 .

[40]  Dennis Olson,et al.  Neural network forecasts of Canadian stock returns using accounting ratios , 2003 .

[41]  D. Anderson,et al.  Algorithms for minimization without derivatives , 1974 .

[42]  Heekuck Oh,et al.  Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition , 1993, Adv. Comput..

[43]  P. Young,et al.  Time series analysis, forecasting and control , 1972, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[44]  Antonia J. Jones,et al.  Heuristic Confidence Intervals for the Gamma Test , 2006, IC-AI.

[45]  Edward Ott,et al.  Controlling chaos , 2006, Scholarpedia.

[46]  Jiancheng Kang,et al.  Timing of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature Changes Across Termination III , 2003, Science.

[47]  T. Gasser,et al.  Residual variance and residual pattern in nonlinear regression , 1986 .

[48]  Dafydd Evans Data-derived estimates of noise for unknown smooth models using near-neighbour asymptotics , 2002 .

[49]  Bruce L. Bowerman,et al.  Forecasting and time series: An applied approach. 3rd. ed. , 1993 .

[50]  F. Takens Detecting strange attractors in turbulence , 1981 .

[51]  G. C. Tiao,et al.  Modeling Multiple Time Series with Applications , 1981 .

[52]  I. D. Wilson,et al.  Predicting the geo-temporal variations of crime and disorder , 2003 .

[53]  Malcolm K. Hughes,et al.  Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries , 1998, Nature.

[54]  Wilfried Brauer,et al.  Feature Selection by Means of a Feature Weighting Approach , 1997 .

[55]  Y. L. Cun Learning Process in an Asymmetric Threshold Network , 1986 .

[56]  Ron Kohavi,et al.  Irrelevant Features and the Subset Selection Problem , 1994, ICML.

[57]  Jude Shavlik,et al.  Rapidly Estimating the Quality of Input Representations for Neural Networks , 1995 .

[58]  H. Abarbanel,et al.  Determining embedding dimension for phase-space reconstruction using a geometrical construction. , 1992, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[59]  J. Jouzel,et al.  Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica , 1999, Nature.

[60]  Frank Rosenblatt,et al.  PRINCIPLES OF NEURODYNAMICS. PERCEPTRONS AND THE THEORY OF BRAIN MECHANISMS , 1963 .

[61]  Ellen G. Cohn,et al.  Even criminals take a holiday: Instrumental and expressive crimes on major and minor holidays , 2003 .

[62]  W S McCulloch,et al.  A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity , 1990, The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence.

[63]  George Cybenko,et al.  Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function , 1989, Math. Control. Signals Syst..

[64]  Yann LeCun,et al.  Learning processes in an asymmetric threshold network , 1986 .

[65]  D. Etheridge,et al.  Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn , 1996 .

[66]  Ying-Cheng Lai,et al.  Controlling chaos , 1994 .

[67]  J. Faraway,et al.  Time series forecasting with neural networks: a comparative study using the air line data , 2008 .

[68]  Nenad Koncar,et al.  A note on the Gamma test , 1997, Neural Computing & Applications.

[69]  P. Werbos,et al.  Beyond Regression : "New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences , 1974 .

[70]  A. P. M. Tsui Smooth data modelling and stimulus-response via stabilisation of neural chaos , 1999 .

[71]  Yufei Yuan,et al.  Neural network forecasting of quarterly accounting earnings , 1996 .

[72]  Sunil Arya,et al.  An optimal algorithm for approximate nearest neighbor searching fixed dimensions , 1998, JACM.

[73]  Ellen G. Cohn,et al.  The effect of weather and temporal variations on calls for police service , 1996 .

[74]  A. J. Jones,et al.  A proof of the Gamma test , 2002, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.