Overview of the remedial action priority system (RAPS)

All environmental regulations are intended to minimize the risks to man and his environment resulting from a regulated activity. Because lower risk levels are generally accompanied by higher environmental control costs, optimum management is achieved by balancing risks and costs. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently employs the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to preliminarily assess inactive hazardous waste disposal sites for potential placement on the National Priorities List. Recently, modifications to HRS have been proposed to more realistically assess the risks posed by radioactive waste constituents. These modifications significantly increase the applicability of the HRS to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) hazardous waste disposal sites.

[1]  Larry T. Cupitt,et al.  Fate of toxic and hazardous materials in the air environment , 1981 .

[2]  G. Whelan,et al.  Multimedia contaminant environmental exposure assessment methodology as applied to Los Alamos, New Mexico , 1983 .

[3]  M. R. Patterson.  Unified Transport Model for Organics , 1986 .

[4]  W. Fulkerson,et al.  Ecology and analysis of trace contaminants. Progress report, January 1973- -September 1973 , 1974 .

[5]  R. G. Knight,et al.  FGD sludge disposal manual. Final report , 1980 .

[6]  Mary P. Anderson,et al.  Using models to simulate the movement of contaminants through groundwater flow systems , 1979 .

[7]  Maxim Lieber,et al.  Dispersal of plating wastes and sewage contaminants in ground water and surface water, South Farmingdale-Massapequa area, Nassau County, New York , 1970 .

[8]  G. Whelan,et al.  Development of a multimedia radionuclide exposure model for low-level waste management , 1982 .

[9]  C. W. Thornthwaite.  THE WATER BALANCE , 1955 .

[10]  W. J. Alves,et al.  Analytical solutions of the one-dimensional convective-dispersive solute transport equation , 1982 .

[11]  J. K. Soldat,et al.  PABLM: a computer program to calculate accumulated radiation doses from radionuclides in the environment , 1980 .

[12]  D. Fenn,et al.  Use of the water-balance method for predicting leachate generation from solid-waste-disposal sites , 1975 .

[13]  C. W. Thornthwaite,et al.  Instructions and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and the water balance , 1955 .

[14]  R. Sievert,et al.  Book Reviews : Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (as amended 1959 and revised 1962). I.C.R.P. Publication 6. 70 pp. PERGAMON PRESS. Oxford, London and New York, 1964. £1 5s. 0d. [TB/54] , 1964 .

[15]  O. W. Israelsen,et al.  Irrigation principles and practices , 1932 .

[16]  Wayne R. Hansen,et al.  Estimating the risks of cancer mortality and genetic defects resulting from exposures to low levels of ionizing radiation , 1984 .

[17]  E. Youngs,et al.  Fundamentals of Soil Physics. , 1982 .

[18]  H. M. Selim,et al.  Analytical Solution of the Equation for Transport of Reactive Solutes Through Soils , 1976 .

[19]  G. Whelan,et al.  Simulation of the Migration, Fate, and Effects of Diazinon in Two Monticello Stream Channels, , 1981 .

[20]  T. W. Horst,et al.  Annual report, October 1980-September 1981 Multimedia radionuclide exposure assessment modeling. , 1982 .

[21]  R. D. Ellison,et al.  User's manual for the FORTRAN IV version of the Wisconsin Hydrologic Transport Model , 1974 .

[22]  G. T. Yeh.  AT123D: analytical transient one-, two-, and three-dimensional simulation of waste transport in the aquifer system , 1981 .

[23]  Gour-Tsyh Yeh,et al.  Analytical three‐dimensional transient modeling of effluent discharges , 1976 .

[24]  Gene Whelan,et al.  Distributed Parameter Watershed Sedimentation Model , 1980 .

[25]  J. F. Fletcher,et al.  HERMES: A DIGITAL COMPUTER CODE FOR ESTIMATING REGIONAL RADIOLOGICAL EFFECTS FROM THE NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY. , 1971 .

[26]  G. Whelan,et al.  A collection of mathematical models for dispersion in surface water and groundwater , 1982 .

[27]  D. L. Strenge,et al.  Development of the Remedial Action Priority System: an improved risk assessment tool for prioritizing hazardous and radioactive-mixed waste disposal sites , 1985 .

[28]  R. C. Ragaini,et al.  US Department of Energy Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act Program, DOE Order 5480. 14: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Phase I, Installation assessment: Part II, Livermore site , 1986 .