The spectrum of eating disturbances.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper was to review and summarize the research literature on the spectrum of eating disturbances. METHOD Literature was searched using a computer data base to identify recent articles related to the prevalence and occurrence of disturbed eating patterns as well as full and partial syndrome eating disorders (EDs). RESULTS This review indicates that the prevalence of partial syndrome EDs in nonclinical populations is at least twice that of full syndrome EDs, and that there is a progression in some individuals from less to more severe disturbances in eating behavior. DISCUSSION These findings suggest the need for careful, scientific evaluation of risk factors for EDs in both children and adults. A longitudinal research program in progress is described which aims to identify the risk factors for EDs.

[1]  D. C. Howell,et al.  Life stress, psychological symptoms and weight reducing behavior in adolescent girls: A prospective analysis , 1990 .

[2]  P. Hay,et al.  Eating disorder patient referrals from a population region 1977–1986 , 1991, Psychological Medicine.

[3]  A. Yates,et al.  Typical patterns in atypical anorexia nervosa. , 1989, Psychosomatics.

[4]  J. Brooks-Gunn,et al.  Development of Eating Problems in Adolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Study. , 1989 .

[5]  T. Silber,et al.  Clinical Spectrum of Anorexia Nervosa in Children , 1993, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[6]  S. Paxton,et al.  Psychosocial predictors of weight loss behaviors and binge eating in adolescent girls and boys , 1992 .

[7]  J. Wardle,et al.  Adolescent concerns about weight and eating; a social-development perspective. , 1990, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[8]  S. Hesse-Biber.  Report on a panel longitudinal study of college women's eating patterns and eating disorders: noncontinuum versus continuum measures. , 1992, Health care for women international.

[9]  M. King.  Eating disorders in a general practice population. Prevalence, characteristics and follow-up at 12 to 18 months. , 1989, Psychological medicine. Monograph supplement.

[10]  J. Rosen,et al.  The relation among stress, psychological symptoms, and eating disorder symptoms: a prospective analysis. , 1993, The International journal of eating disorders.

[11]  A. Mann,et al.  Screening for abnormal eating attitudes and psychiatric morbidity in an unselected population of 15-year-old schoolgirls , 1983, Psychological Medicine.

[12]  G. Patton.  The spectrum of eating disorder in adolescence. , 1988, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[13]  P. Cooper,et al.  Subclinical versus formal eating disorders: Differentiating psychological features , 1990 .

[14]  Sarah K. Murnen,et al.  Dieting and disordered eating during early and middle adolescence: Do the influences remain the same? , 1990 .

[15]  C. Fairburn,et al.  Studies of the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa. , 1990, The American journal of psychiatry.

[16]  T. Wadden,et al.  Binge eating disorder: its further validation in a multisite study. , 1993, The International journal of eating disorders.

[17]  D. Herzog,et al.  A follow-up study of 33 subdiagnostic eating disordered women. , 1993, The International journal of eating disorders.

[18]  The specific psychopathology of bulimia nervosa: a comparison with restrained and unrestrained (normal) eaters. , 1989 .

[19]  E J Button,et al.  Subclinical anorexia nervosa , 1981, Psychological Medicine.

[20]  E. Koff,et al.  Perceptions of weight and attitudes toward eating in early adolescent girls. , 1991, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[21]  J. Polivy,et al.  Comparison Between Weight‐Preoccupied Women and Anorexia Nervosa , 1984, Psychosomatic medicine.

[22]  J. Rosen,et al.  Psychological adjustment of adolescents attempting to lose or gain weight. , 1987, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[23]  Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. , 1986 .

[24]  C. Irwin,et al.  Prevalence of disordered eating in girls: a survey of middle-class children. , 1992, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[25]  M. Choquet,et al.  Associated factors for self-reported binge eating among male and female adolescents. , 1993, Journal of adolescence.

[26]  J. Polivy,et al.  Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. , 1983 .

[27]  M. Marchi,et al.  Early childhood eating behaviors and adolescent eating disorders. , 1990, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[28]  F. J. Boland,et al.  A comparison of normals, mild, moderate, and severe binge eaters, and binge vomiters using discriminant function analysis , 1987 .

[29]  P. Harding,et al.  Eating behavior in an adolescent population , 1987 .

[30]  A. Stunkard,et al.  Bulimia vs bulimic behaviors on a college campus. , 1987, JAMA.

[31]  T N Robinson,et al.  Pursuit of thinness and onset of eating disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescent girls: a three-year prospective analysis. , 1994, The International journal of eating disorders.

[32]  D. Roger,et al.  The construction and preliminary validation of a scale for measuring eating disorders. , 1990, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[33]  M. Fichter,et al.  Recurrent overeating: an empirical comparison of binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and obesity. , 1993, The International journal of eating disorders.

[34]  R. Palmer,et al.  Eating Attitudes and Neurotic Symptoms in University Students , 1983, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[35]  B. Jacobs,et al.  Pre-pubertal anorexia nervosa: a retrospective controlled study. , 1986, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[36]  A. Drewnowski,et al.  Bulimia in college women: incidence and recovery rates. , 1988, The American journal of psychiatry.

[37]  W. Nelson,et al.  Prevalency rate and personality comparisons of bulimic and normal adolescents , 1990, Child psychiatry and human development.

[38]  P. Garfinkel,et al.  Does anorexia nervosa occur on a continuum? Subgroups of weight‐preoccupied women and their relationship to anorexia nervosa , 1983 .

[39]  T. Brewerton,et al.  The Kids' Eating Disorders Survey (KEDS): a study of middle school students. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[40]  J. Yager,et al.  A 20-month follow-up study of 628 women with eating disorders, I: Course and severity. , 1987, The American journal of psychiatry.

[41]  J. Rosen,et al.  Prevalence of weight reducing and weight gaining in adolescent girls and boys. , 1987, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[42]  M. Levine,et al.  The impact of puberty and dating on eating problems among middle school girls , 1993 .

[43]  M. Gerrard,et al.  Psychological profiles of purging bulimics, repeat dieters, and controls. , 1986, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[44]  L. Singer,et al.  Atypical eating disorders in young children , 1989 .

[45]  P. Cooper,et al.  Body shape concerns among adolescents , 1992 .

[46]  G. Patton.  Eating disorders: antecedents, evolution and course. , 1992, Annals of medicine.

[47]  L. Phelps,et al.  Prevalence of self-induced vomiting and laxative/medication abuse among female adolescents: a longitudinal study. , 1993, The International journal of eating disorders.

[48]  M. Thelen,et al.  Bulimia and interpersonal relationships: an extension of a longitudinal study. , 1993, Addictive behaviors.

[49]  T N Robinson,et al.  Self-induced vomiting and laxative and diuretic use among teenagers. Precursors of the binge-purge syndrome? , 1986, JAMA.

[50]  Marsha D. Marcus,et al.  Psychiatric disorders among obese binge eaters. , 1990 .

[51]  George Szmukler,et al.  The epidemiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia , 1985 .

[52]  Sociodemographic and psychological correlates of actual and desired weight insufficiency in the general population , 1992 .

[53]  G. R. Leon,et al.  Personality and behavioral vulnerabilities associated with risk status for eating disorders in adolescent girls. , 1993, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[54]  D. Williamson,et al.  Empirical classification of eating disorder not otherwise specified: Support for DSM-IV changes , 1992 .

[55]  E Mitrany,et al.  Atypical eating disorders. , 1992, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[56]  W. Watts,et al.  Drug Abuse and Eating Disorders: Prevention Implications , 1992, Journal of drug education.

[57]  R. Kolotkin,et al.  A comparison of binge‐purgers, obese binge eaters, and obese nonbinge eaters on the MMPI , 1992 .

[58]  H. Steiger,et al.  Signs of anorexia and bulimia nervosa in high school girls reporting combinations of eating and mood symptoms: Relevance of self-report to interview-based findings , 1992 .

[59]  M. Råstam.  Anorexia nervosa in 51 Swedish adolescents: premorbid problems and comorbidity. , 1992, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[60]  G. Wilson,et al.  Bulimia nervosa and dietary restraint. , 1989, Behaviour research and therapy.

[61]  R. Larson,et al.  Weight and eating concerns among pre- and young adolescent boys and girls. , 1990, Journal of adolescent health care : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[62]  Is there another binge eating disorder? A review of the literature on overeating in the absence of bulimia nervosa , 1992 .

[63]  R. Kessler,et al.  The genetic epidemiology of bulimia nervosa. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[64]  M. King.  The natural history of eating pathology in attenders to primary medical care , 1991 .

[65]  T. Robinson,et al.  Depressive symptoms and substance use among adolescent binge eaters and purgers: a defined population study. , 1987, American journal of public health.

[66]  T. Noakes,et al.  Implications of a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in a ballet school. , 2010, The International journal of eating disorders.

[67]  W. Agras,et al.  Obesity, binge eating and psychopathology: are they related? , 1994, The International journal of eating disorders.

[68]  J. Thompson,et al.  Body Image and Eating Disturbance in Young Females , 1989 .

[69]  M. Levine,et al.  Normative developmental challenges and dieting and eating disturbances in middle school girls. , 1994, The International journal of eating disorders.

[70]  N. Rigotti,et al.  Frequency of bulimic behaviors and associated social maladjustment in female graduate students. , 1986, Journal of psychiatric research.

[71]  M. de Zwaan,et al.  Eating related and general psychopathology in obese females with binge eating disorder. , 1994, The International journal of eating disorders.

[72]  A. Whitaker.  An epidemiological study of anorectic and bulimic symptoms in adolescent girls: implications for pediatricians. , 1982, Pediatric annals.

[73]  P. Garfinkel,et al.  A prospective study of eating disturbances in the ballet. , 1987, Psychotherapy and psychosomatics.

[74]  T. Wadden,et al.  Binge eating disorder should be included in DSM-IV: a reply to Fairburn et al.'s "the classification of recurrent overeating: the binge eating disorder proposal". , 1993, The International journal of eating disorders.

[75]  L. M. Irving,et al.  Correlates of bulimia nervosa: early family mealtime experiences. , 1993, Adolescence.

[76]  J. Rodin,et al.  A prospective study of disordered eating among college students , 1989 .

[77]  M. J. Maloney,et al.  Dieting behavior and eating attitudes in children. , 1989, Pediatrics.

[78]  C. Pegler,et al.  Eating attitudes, health-risk behaviors, self-esteem, and anxiety among adolescent females in a suburban high school. , 1991, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[79]  M. Thelen,et al.  Eating and Body Image Concern Among Children , 1992 .

[80]  N. Rollins,et al.  Children Who Starve Themselves: Anorexia Nervosa , 1961, Psychosomatic medicine.

[81]  H. Steiger,et al.  Personality and family features of adolescent girls with eating symptoms: evidence for restricter/binger differences in a nonclinical population. , 1991, Addictive behaviors.

[82]  G Rathner,et al.  Detection of eating disorders in a small rural town: an epidemiological study , 1993, Psychological Medicine.

[83]  G. Patton,et al.  Abnormal eating attitudes in London schoolgirls — a prospective epidemiological study: outcome at twelve month follow-up , 1990, Psychological Medicine.

[84]  D. Williamson,et al.  Psychopathology associated with bulimia, binge eating, and obesity , 1988 .

[85]  A. Drewnowski,et al.  The relationship of dieting severity and bulimic behaviors to alcohol and other drug use in young women. , 1992, Journal of substance abuse.

[86]  I. Litt,et al.  Is puberty a risk factor for eating disorders? , 1992, American journal of diseases of children.

[87]  A Wakeling,et al.  Abnormal eating attitudes in London schoolgirls — a prospective epidemiological study: factors associated with abnormal response on screening questionnaires , 1988, Psychological Medicine.

[88]  J. Polivy,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of normal eating. , 1987, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[89]  D. Hatsukami,et al.  What are atypical eating disorders? , 1986, Psychosomatics.