17-Year Results following Transepiphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Children and Adolescents 17-Jahres-Ergebnisse nach transepiphysärer Plastik des vorderen Kreuzbandes im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Abstract Objective Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in childhood and adolescence is a serious injury. It is now known that conservative therapy of an unstable knee joint in childhood or adolescence under can lead to poor subjective and objective results. The aim of this study is to record long-term results after transepiphyseal ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons and extracortical fixation in childhood and adolescence with open physes – at least 15 years after surgery. Methods Our internal registry was used to identify all patients who received surgical treatment of an acl tear during childhood and adolescence by transepiphyseal acl reconstruction more than 15 years previously. In these patients, the International Knee Documentation Committee for Subjective Knee Form (IKDCsubj.), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Tegner Activity Score (TAS) and Lysholm Score were collected, and clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were performed. Results A total of 22 patients were identified, 5 of whom could not be contacted. The mean age at the time of surgery was 13.1 years, and the mean follow-up time was 17.4 years. In 3 patients, a traumatic tear was observed with subsequent reconstruction of the ACL. None of the included patients showed a growth disorder during the course of the study. The IKDCsubj. was 92.4 ± 14.7 (48 – 100), the Lysholm score was 87.9 ± 16.9 (34 – 100), the TAS was 5.7 ± 2.3 (3 – 9) and the pain level based on VAS was 3.5 ± 2.6 (1 – 8) points. The values showed subjective and objective deterioration compared to the 10-year results, with no statistical significance. The following subscores were reported for the KOOS: KOOSpain 90.9 ± 17.6 (28 – 100); KOOSsymptom 82.9 ± 22.6 (11 – 100); KOOOSADL 94.3 ± 13.7 (44 – 100); KOOSSport 80.3 ± 26.4 (15 – 100); KOOSQOL 80.9 ± 25.8 (0 – 100). 13 of the 17 patients could also be clinically and radiologically examined. In 92% of patients, an intact acl reconstruction was found without evidence of cartilage or meniscus damage. The mean lateral difference in the KT-1000 measurement was 1.5 mm. Conclusion ACL reconstruction in childhood and adolescence provides good functionality and stability of the knee joint over the long term. Secondary signs of osteoarthritis can only be detected in isolated cases by MRI. ACL reconstruction using the transepiphyseal technique can be considered the method of choice for open growth plate knee joints. Zusammenfassung Fragestellung Rupturen des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) im Kindes- und Jugendalter sind schwere Verletzungen und nehmen an Inzidenz zu. Dabei ist heutzutage bekannt, dass der Verlauf eines instabilen Kniegelenkes im Wachstumsalter unter konservativer Therapie zu Spätschäden und schlechten subjektiven und objektiven Ergebnissen führen kann. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Langzeitergebnisse nach transepiphysärer VKB-Plastik mittels autologer Hamstringsehnen und extrakortikaler Fixation im Kindes- und Jugendalter bei offenen Wachstumsfugen mindestens 15 Jahre nach erfolgter Operation zu erfassen. Methoden Anhand unserer klinikinternen Datenbank wurden alle Patienten identifiziert, die eine operative Versorgung einer transligamentären VKB-Ruptur während des Kindes- und Jugendalters mittels transepiphysärer VKB-Plastik bei offenen Wachstumsfugen vor mehr als 15 Jahren erhielten. Bei diesen Patienten wurden das International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDCsubj.), der Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Tegner Activity Score (TAS) und Lysholm Score erhoben sowie eine klinische Untersuchung und Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Insgesamt konnten 22 Patienten identifiziert werden, wovon 5 die Teilnahme verweigerten. Das durchschnittliche Alter zum OP-Zeitpunkt betrug 13,1 Jahre, die durchschnittliche Nachuntersuchungszeit 17,4 Jahre. Bei 3 Patienten zeigte sich im Verlauf eine traumatische Reruptur mit folgender Re-VKB-Plastik. Bei keinem der eingeschlossenen Patienten trat eine Wachstumsstörung im Verlauf auf. Der IKDCsubj. lag bei 92,4 ± 14,7 (48 – 100), der Lysholm Score bei 87,9 ± 16,9 (34 – 100), der TAS bei 5,7 ± 2,3 (3 – 9) und das Schmerzlevel anhand VAS bei 3,5 ± 2,6 (1 – 8) Punkten. Die Werte zeigten im Vergleich zu den 10-Jahres-Ergebnissen eine subjektive und objektive Verschlechterung des Zustands, wobei keine statistische Signifikanz vorlag. Für den KOOS lagen folgende Subscores vor: KOOSpain 90,9 ± 17,6 (28 – 100); KOOSSymptom 82,9 ± 22,6 (11 – 100); KOOSADL 94,3 ± 13,7 (44 – 100); KOOSSport 80,3 ± 26,4 (15 – 100); KOOSQOL 80,9 ± 25,8 (0 – 100). 13 der 17 Patienten konnten zudem klinisch und magnetresonanztomografisch nachuntersucht werden. In den MRT-Aufnahmen zeigte sich bei 92% der Patienten eine durchgängige VKB-Plastik ohne Nachweis einer Knorpel- oder Meniskusschädigung. Die Seitendifferenz in der KT-1000-Messung betrug durchschnittlich 1,5 mm. Schlussfolgerung Eine VKB-Rekonstruktion im Kindes- und Jugendalter zeigt eine gute Funktionalität und Stabilität des Kniegelenkes im Langzeitverlauf. Sekundäre Arthrosezeichen sind dabei in der MRT nur vereinzelt feststellbar. Die operative VKB-Plastik in transepiphysärer Technik kann als Methode der Wahl bei offenen Wachstumsfugen gesehen werden.

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