Clinical pathological and epidemiological assessment of morphologically and immunologically confirmed canine leukaemia.

Traditionally, classification of leukaemia in dogs has relied on morphological examination and cytochemical staining patterns, but aberrant cellular morphology and stain uptake often curtails accurate categorization, and historical data based on this classification may be unreliable. Immunophenotyping is now the gold standard for classification of leukaemias. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the clinical pathological and epidemiological features of a population of dogs with morphologically and immunologically confirmed leukaemia and to compare them within categories: acute and chronic lymphoid leukaemia (ALL and CLL), and acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia (AML and CML). There were 64 cases of morphologically and immunologically confirmed leukaemia: 25 cases of ALL, 17 cases of CLL and 22 cases of AML. Prevalence of B and T immunophenotypes in ALL and CLL was not statistically different. Dogs with AML were significantly younger than those with ALL at presentation (P = 0.04). Golden Retriever dogs in the study population were overrepresented in comparison with a control population of dogs (6/25 ALL cases, 8/64 leukaemia cases). No sex was overrepresented. Dogs with ALL had significantly more severe neutropenia (P = 0.001) and thrombocytopenia (P = 0.002) than those with CLL and had significantly more cytopenias. The severity and numbers of cytopenias seen in ALL and AML were not significantly different. Twenty-one of the leukaemia cases showed one cytopenia, fourteen had two cytopenias and twenty-one cases had pancytopenia. Anaemia was the most common cytopenia seen in isolation (17/21). No dogs had neutropenia without anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia. Total white blood cell counts were not different between the groups. The atypical cell counts within the peripheral blood were significantly higher in ALL than AML; both in isolation and as a percentage of the total white blood cell count (P = 0.03). This study strengthens the hypothesis that acute leukaemias give rise to more profound cytopenias, affecting more cell lines, than chronic leukaemias.

[1]  C. O. Solberg,et al.  Neutrophil granulocyte function in the early diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia. , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica.

[2]  V. Valli.  Veterinary Comparative Hematopathology , 2007 .

[3]  A. Buser,et al.  Autoimmunity and malignancy in hematology--more than an association. , 2007, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology.

[4]  Hartmut Döhner,et al.  Acute myeloid leukaemia , 2006, The Lancet.

[5]  Victoria Mallows,et al.  Identification of acute myeloid leukemia in dogs using flow cytometry with myeloperoxidase, MAC387, and a canine neutrophil-specific antibody. , 2006, Veterinary clinical pathology.

[6]  Joanna S Morris,et al.  Diagnosis and management of leukaemia in dogs and cats , 2006, In Practice.

[7]  C. Bokemeyer,et al.  Anaemia in cancer patients: pathophysiology, incidence and treatment , 2005, European journal of clinical investigation.

[8]  Paul R. Avery,et al.  Distinct B-cell and T-cell lymphoproliferative disease prevalence among dog breeds indicates heritable risk. , 2005, Cancer research.

[9]  Fry.  Small Animal Internal Medicine, 3rd edn. , 2004 .

[10]  B. Bain,et al.  Revised guideline on immunophenotyping in acute leukaemias and chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. , 2002, Clinical and laboratory haematology.

[11]  H. Sawada,et al.  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rare, but the proportion of T‐CLL is high in Japan , 2001, European journal of haematology.

[12]  T. Stokol,et al.  Diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a dog using morphologic, cytochemical, and flow cytometric techniques. , 2001, Veterinary clinical pathology.

[13]  C. Mantel,et al.  Chemokines, chemokine receptors and hematopoiesis , 2000, Immunological reviews.

[14]  P. Moore,et al.  An immunophenotypic study of canine leukemias and preliminary assessment of clonality by polymerase chain reaction. , 1999, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[15]  P. Low,et al.  How old are dense red blood Cells? The dog's tale. , 1998, Blood.

[16]  M. Lejeune,et al.  Prolonged but reversible neutrophil dysfunctions differentially sensitive to granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia , 1998, British journal of haematology.

[17]  Jennings Cd,et al.  Recent Advances in Flow Cytometry: Application to the Diagnosis of Hematologic Malignancy , 1997 .

[18]  M. Tompkins,et al.  Immunophenotypic characterization of canine lymphoproliferative disorders. , 1997, In vivo.

[19]  J. Harbott,et al.  Clinical significance of surface antigen expression in children with acute myeloid leukemia: results of study AML-BFM-87. , 1995, Blood.

[20]  A Orfao,et al.  Proposals for the immunological classification of acute leukemias. European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL). , 1995, Leukemia.

[21]  M. Grever,et al.  HLA-DR-, CD33+, CD56+, CD16- myeloid/natural killer cell acute leukemia: a previously unrecognized form of acute leukemia potentially misdiagnosed as French-American-British acute myeloid leukemia-M3. , 1994, Blood.

[22]  T. Loughran,et al.  Clonal diseases of large granular lymphocytes. , 1993, Blood.

[23]  Joanna S Morris,et al.  Canine lymphoid leukaemia and lymphoma with bone marrow involvement: A review of 24 cases , 1993 .

[24]  I. Bernstein,et al.  Expression of lymphoid-associated cell surface antigens by childhood acute myeloid leukemia cells lacks prognostic significance. , 1992, Blood.

[25]  J. Zinkl,et al.  Proposed criteria for classification of acute myeloid leukemia in dogs and cats. , 1991, Veterinary clinical pathology.

[26]  W. Chan,et al.  Clinical course and prognosis of the lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes. A multicenter study , 1990, Cancer.

[27]  R. Evans,et al.  Myeloproliferative disease in the dog and cat: clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment , 1987, Veterinary Record.

[28]  Couto Cg.  Clinicopathologic aspects of acute leukemias in the dog. , 1985 .

[29]  MacEwen Eg,et al.  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the dog: a review of 30 cases. , 1983 .

[30]  L. Skinnider,et al.  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia a review of 745 cases and assessment of clinical staging , 1982, Cancer.

[31]  C. Herbst,et al.  The influence of the ‘collection injury’ on the survival and distribution of Indium‐ 111 ‐labelled canine platelets , 1982, British journal of haematology.

[32]  M. Ristić,et al.  Platelet Kinetics in Canine Ehrlichiosis: Evidence for Increased Platelet Destruction as the Cause of Thrombocytopenia , 1975, Infection and immunity.

[33]  R. M. Pearce.  ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA , 1930, British medical journal.

[34]  A. Radford,et al.  RAS, FLT3, and C-KIT mutations in immunophenotyped canine leukemias. , 2009, Experimental hematology.

[35]  S. Sallan.  Myths and lessons from the adult/pediatric interface in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. , 2006, Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program.

[36]  S. Molica,et al.  What is changing in the natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia? , 2001, Haematologica.

[37]  D. Weiss.  Flow cytometric and immunophenotypic evaluation of acute lymphocytic leukemia in dog bone marrow. , 2001, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[38]  M. Day.  Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. , 1998, The Veterinary quarterly.

[39]  K. Foon,et al.  Recent advances in flow cytometry: application to the diagnosis of hematologic malignancy. , 1997, Blood.

[40]  L. Debusscher,et al.  Immunological definition of acute minimally differentiated myeloid leukemia (MO) and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL). , 1995, Leukemia & lymphoma.

[41]  C. S. Scott,et al.  Disorders of large granular lymphocytes and natural killer-associated cells. , 1994, Blood.

[42]  R. Matus,et al.  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the dog: 22 cases (1974-1984). , 1986, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[43]  C. Couto.  Clinicopathologic aspects of acute leukemias in the dog. , 1985, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[44]  R. Matus,et al.  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the dog: a review of 30 cases. , 1983, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[45]  J. Desforges,et al.  Mechanisms of anemia in leukemia and malignant lymphoma. , 1960, The American journal of medicine.