Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on glutamate-induced lung injury

AbstractAim:To examine the possible protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1, an active component of ginseng, on lung injury caused by glutamate in vivo.Methods:The lungs of mice receiving glutamate (0.5 g/kg) and/or ginsenoside Rg1 (0.03 g/kg) via intraperitoneal administration were collected. The indexes of lung wet weight/ body weight ratios (LW/BW), lung wet/dry weight ratios (W/D), heart rate (HR), and breathing rate (BR) were determined. The activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), xanthine oxidase (XOD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), the content of NO, and malondialdehyde in the lung homogenate were measured.Results:Treatment with glutamate for 2 h increased LW/BW, W/D, HR, and BR. These changes were nearly abolished by pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg1 for 30 min before glutamate injection. An analysis of the lung homogenate demonstrated the protective effect as evidenced by the inhibition of NOS (12%) and XOD (50%) inactivity, the enhanced activity of SOD (20%) and CAT (25%).Conclusion:Ginsenoside Rg1 has a potential protective role in lung diseases associated with glutamate toxicity.

[1]  N. Georgieva,et al.  Antioxidant status during the course of Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens. , 2006, Veterinary journal.

[2]  A. Irving,et al.  Differential responses to NMDA receptor activation in rat hippocampal interneurons and pyramidal cells may underlie enhanced pyramidal cell vulnerability , 2005, The European journal of neuroscience.

[3]  L. Mira,et al.  NADH oxidase activity of rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase—contribution for damage mechanisms , 2005, Free radical research.

[4]  W. Seeger,et al.  Thrombin impairs alveolar fluid clearance by promoting endocytosis of Na+,K+-ATPase. , 2005, American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.

[5]  G. Martin,et al.  Evolution of treatments for patients with acute lung injury , 2005, Expert opinion on investigational drugs.

[6]  Fangfang,et al.  Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces MPTP-induced substantia nigra neuron loss by suppressing oxidative stress , 2005 .

[7]  K. Cieslik,et al.  Effect of NMDA receptor antagonists on behavioral impairment induced by chronic treatment with dexamethasone. , 2005, Pharmacological reports : PR.

[8]  W. Rausch,et al.  Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic cells stressed with glutamate , 2004, Brain Research.

[9]  M. Zawadzka,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective action of immunosuppressants ‐ facts and hypotheses , 2004, Journal of cellular and molecular medicine.

[10]  C. Scavone,et al.  MK-801 and 7-Ni attenuate the activation of brain NF-κB induced by LPS , 2003, Neuropharmacology.

[11]  Dan-dan Feng,et al.  [Effect of shenfu injection on the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant in cultured lung explants]. , 2003, Hunan yi ke da xue xue bao = Hunan yike daxue xuebao = Bulletin of Hunan Medical University.

[12]  C. Scavone,et al.  MK-801 and 7-Ni attenuate the activation of brain NF-kappa B induced by LPS. , 2003, Neuropharmacology.

[13]  M. Montalto,et al.  Neutrophil-derived Glutamate Regulates Vascular Endothelial Barrier Function* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  B. Liao,et al.  Neuroprotective Effects of Ginseng Total Saponin and Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on Spinal Cord Neurons in Vitro , 2002, Experimental Neurology.

[15]  H. Gendelman,et al.  Glutamate is a mediator of neurotoxicity in secretions of activated HIV-1-infected macrophages , 2001, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[16]  S. Nah,et al.  Changes of [3H]MK-801, [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of ginsenoside Rc and Rg1. , 2001, Pharmacological research.

[17]  A. Deckel.  Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in Huntington's disease , 2001, Journal of neuroscience research.

[18]  Paul L Huang,et al.  Relative contributions of endothelial , inducible , and neuronal NOS to tone in the murine pulmonary circulation , 1999 .

[19]  J S Beckman,et al.  Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.

[20]  S. Said,et al.  Excitotoxicity in the lung: N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced, nitric oxide-dependent, pulmonary edema is attenuated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[21]  S. Pietri,et al.  Calcium-dependent free radical generation in cultured retinal neurons injured by kainate , 1995, Neuroscience Letters.

[22]  M. Liu,et al.  [Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 on cultured hippocampal neurons]. , 1995, Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica.

[23]  Theresa M. Wizemann,et al.  Production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in the lung during acute endotoxemia , 1994, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[24]  T. Dawson,et al.  Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[25]  M. Ardawi.  Glutamine and alanine metabolism in lungs of septic rats. , 1991, Clinical science.

[26]  J. T. Zhang,et al.  Anti-lipid peroxilative effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. , 1991, Chinese medical journal.

[27]  B. Peterson,et al.  Use of microwave oven for determination of postmortem water volume of lungs. , 1982, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[28]  E. Hartree,et al.  Determination of protein: a modification of the Lowry method that gives a linear photometric response. , 1972, Analytical biochemistry.