Inorganic membranes and membrane reactors

The inorganic membrane reactor is a combined unit operation of chemical reactions and membrane separations. By having a membrane reactor, the downstream separation load can be reduced. Also, the yields can be increased and conversion can be improved for equilibrium limited reactions. However, many of the industrial chemical reactions take place at high temperature that the conventional polymeric membranes cannot withstand. A great deal of research has been done recently to develop ion-conducting ceramic membranes. Many of these have been successfully employed to form membrane reactors for many industrially relevant chemical reactions, such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, coupled reactions, and decomposition reactions. An overview is given for the area of inorganic membrane preparations and membrane reactors. Many examples of petrochemical interests are presented, including hydrocarbon conversions and fuel cell applications.

[1]  D. Eng,et al.  Electrocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide , 1992 .

[2]  L. Gauckler,et al.  The Electrochemistry of Ni Pattern Anodes Used as Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Model Electrodes , 2001 .

[3]  D. Eng,et al.  The catalytic and electrocatalytic coupling of methane over yttria-stabilized zirconia , 1991 .

[4]  Electrochemical dehumidification using proton conducting ceramics , 2000 .

[5]  H. Nagamoto,et al.  The Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene over a Palladium Membrane , 1986 .

[6]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity: A status report , 1992 .

[7]  T. Matsuda,et al.  Aromatization of Propane Assisted by Palladium Membrane Reactor , 1990 .

[8]  N. Itoh,et al.  A membrane reactor using palladium , 1987 .

[9]  K. Kusakabe,et al.  Equilibrium shift of dehydrogenation at short space-time with hollow fiber ceramic membrane , 1991 .

[10]  R. G. Minet,et al.  Packed bed catalytic membrane reactors , 1992 .

[11]  Participation of oxygen, having diffused through a silver membrane catalyst, in heterogeneous oxidation processes , 1986 .

[12]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Methane to Ethylene with 85 Percent Yield in a Gas Recycle Electrocatalytic Reactor-Separator , 1994, Science.

[13]  Shigeyuki Uemiya,et al.  Separation of hydrogen through palladium thin film supported on a porous glass tube , 1991 .

[14]  H. Neomagus,et al.  The catalytic combustion of natural gas in a membrane reactor with separate feed of reactants , 2000 .

[15]  S. Elnashaie,et al.  Fluidized bed reactors without and with selective membranes for the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene , 1995 .

[16]  A. Kiennemann,et al.  Reactivity of perovskites on oxidative coupling of methane , 1995, Journal of Materials Science.

[17]  N. Sato,et al.  The water gas shift reaction assisted by a palladium membrane reactor , 1991 .

[18]  H. Bouwmeester,et al.  Oxygen Semi-Permeability of Erbia-Stabilized Bismuth Oxide , 1991 .

[19]  S. T. Hwang,et al.  Chapter III.3 Recent Development in Membrane Reactors , 1990 .

[20]  P. Han,et al.  Mixed (oxygen ion and p-type) conductivity in yttria-stabilized zirconia containing terbia , 1995 .

[21]  A. Brownstein,et al.  CERAMIC MEMBRANES : GROWTH PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES , 1991 .

[22]  S. Hwang,et al.  Formaldehyde production from methanol using a porous Vycor glass membrane reactor , 1991 .

[23]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Electric transport and oxygen permeation properties of lanthanum cobaltite membranes synthesized by different methods , 2000 .

[24]  Noboru Yamazoe,et al.  OXYGEN PERMEATION THROUGH PEROVSKITE-TYPE OXIDES , 1985 .

[25]  ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF ETHYLENE HYDRO-GENATION BY HYDROGEN PERMEATING PALLADIUM MEMBRANE , 1981 .

[26]  Katsuki Kusakabe,et al.  Palladium membrane formed in macropores of support tube by chemical vapor deposition with crossflow through a porous wall , 1995 .

[27]  H. Iwahara,et al.  High temperature type protonic conductor based on SrCeO3 and its application to the extraction of hydrogen gas , 1986 .

[28]  K. Kusakabe,et al.  Thin Palladium Membrane Formed in Support Pores by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Method and Application to Hydrogen Separation , 1994 .

[29]  Paul K. T. Liu,et al.  Experimental Evaluation of Dehydrogenations Using Catalytic Membrane Processes , 1993 .

[30]  Kew-Ho Lee,et al.  Preparation of palladium membranes from the reaction of Pd(C3H3)(C5H5) with H2: wet-impregnated deposition , 1999 .

[31]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Oxidative coupling of methane on improved bismuth oxide membrane reactors , 2001 .

[32]  W. Thomson,et al.  Stability of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ perovskite membranes in reducing and nonreducing environments , 1998 .

[33]  H. Arashi,et al.  Oxygen permeability in ZrO2$z.sbnd;TiO2$z.sbnd;Y2O3 system , 1992 .

[34]  Ronald G. Minet,et al.  A high temperature catalytic membrane reactor for propane dehydrogenation , 1993 .

[35]  K. Kreuer,et al.  On the development of proton conducting materials for technological applications , 1997 .

[36]  H. Neomagus,et al.  The catalytic oxidation of H2S in a stainless steel membrane reactor with separate feed of reactants , 1998 .

[37]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Tubular lanthanum cobaltite perovskite-type membrane reactors for partial oxidation of methane to syngas , 2000 .

[38]  William J. Weber,et al.  Electrochemical Properties of Mixed Conducting Perovskites La1 − x M x Co1 − y Fe y O 3 − δ (M = Sr, Ba, Ca) , 1996 .

[39]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Synthesis and oxygen permeation properties of ceramic-metal dual-phase membranes , 2000 .

[40]  D. Eng,et al.  Nonoxidative methane coupling with the aid of solid electrolytes , 1992 .

[41]  T. Hibino,et al.  Electrochemical methane coupling using protonic conductors , 1993 .

[42]  R. Dittmeyer,et al.  Studies on oxidative coupling of methane using high-temperature proton-conducting membranes , 1997 .

[43]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Oxygen permeation through fluorite-type bismuth-yttrium-copper oxide membranes , 1997 .

[44]  H. Naito,et al.  Electrical properties of ZrO2-TiO2-Y2O3 system , 1992 .

[45]  W. L. Worrell,et al.  Electrochemical promotion of ethylene and propylene oxidation on Pt deposited on yttria–titania–zirconia , 2000 .

[46]  Geert Versteeg,et al.  High-temperature membrane reactors: potential and problems , 1999 .

[47]  N. Yamazoe,et al.  Effect of Cation Substitution on the Oxygen Semipermeability of Perovskite-type Oxides , 1988 .

[48]  William J. Weber,et al.  Electrochemical properties of mixed conducting perovskites La{sub 1{minus}x}M{sub x}Co{sub 1{minus}y}Fe{sub y}O{sub 3{minus}{delta}} (M = Sr, Ba, Ca) , 1996 .

[49]  I. Koike,et al.  Promotion of the conversion of propane to aromatics by use of a palladium membrane , 1991 .

[50]  King Lun Yeung,et al.  Palladium-silver composite membranes by electroless plating technique , 1999 .

[51]  R. G. Minet,et al.  The study of ethane dehydrogenation in a catalytic membrane reactor , 1992 .

[52]  Bernard P. A. Grandjean,et al.  Catalytic palladium‐based membrane reactors: A review , 1991 .

[53]  J. N. Armor,et al.  Applications of catalytic inorganic membrane reactors to refinery products , 1998 .

[54]  J. Winnick,et al.  A Hydrogen Sulfide Fuel Cell Using a Proton‐Conducting Solid Electrolyte , 1996 .

[55]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Electrical conducting properties of proton-conducting terbium-doped strontium cerate membrane , 1999 .

[56]  K. W. Böddeker,et al.  Membranes in Fuel Cells , 2001 .

[57]  D. Fritsch,et al.  Palladium modified porous polymeric membranes and their performance in selective hydrogenation of propyne , 2001 .

[58]  C. Pliangos,et al.  Electrochemical promotion of NO reduction by C3H6 on Rh/YSZ catalyst-electrodes , 2000 .

[59]  Bernard P. A. Grandjean,et al.  Simultaneous deposition of Pd and Ag on porous stainless steel by electroless plating , 1993 .

[60]  Shigeyuki Uemiya,et al.  Steam reforming of methane in a hydrogen-permeable membrane reactor , 1990 .

[61]  Chien-Cheng Lin,et al.  Dependence of Oxidation Modes on Zirconia Content in Silicon Carbide/Zirconia/Mullite Composites , 1998 .

[62]  Harry L. Tuller,et al.  Mixed ionic-electronic conduction in a number of fluorite and pyrochlore compounds , 1992 .

[63]  D. Eng,et al.  Methane steam reforming over iron electrodes in a solid electrolyte cell , 1993 .

[64]  K. Asano,et al.  A Novel Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Using the Partial Oxidation of Methane , 1995 .

[65]  D. Eng,et al.  Synthesis Gas Production from Methane over an Iron Electrode in a Solid Electrolyte Cell , 1993 .

[66]  A. Varma,et al.  Effects of osmosis on microstructure of Pd-composite membranes synthesized by electroless plating technique , 2000 .

[67]  Mikio Konno,et al.  A composite palladium and porous aluminum oxide membrane for hydrogen gas separation , 1988 .

[68]  H. C. Foley,et al.  Ethanol dehydrogenation with a palladium membrane reactor : An alternative to Wacker chemistry , 1998 .

[69]  Johannes Schmitz,et al.  Steam reforming of natural gas with intergrated hydrogen separation for hydrogen production , 1987 .

[70]  T. Tsotsis,et al.  The Enhancement of Reaction Yield Through the Use of High Temperature Membrane Reactors , 1993 .

[71]  L. Nosova,et al.  Catalytic membrane in reduction of aqueous nitrates: operational principles and catalytic performance , 2000 .

[72]  Noboru Kubo,et al.  Dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene in a palladium membrane reactor , 1993 .

[73]  H. C. Foley,et al.  Supra-equilibrium conversion in palladium membrane reactors: Kinetic sensitivity and time dependence , 1995 .

[74]  Y. Ma,et al.  Palladium membrane reactor for the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene , 2001 .

[75]  K. Otsuka,et al.  Electrochemical cells as reactors for selective oxygenation of hydrocarbons at low temperature , 1998 .

[76]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Electrochemical modification of CH3OH oxidation selectivity and activity on a Pt single-pellet catalytic reactor , 1993 .

[77]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Fabrication of a Thin Palladium Membrane Supported in a Porous Ceramic Substrate by Chemical-Vapor-Deposition , 1996 .

[78]  W. R. Moser,et al.  Dense Perovskite, La1‐xA′xFe1‐yCoyO3‐δ (A′= Ba, Sr, Ca), Membrane Synthesis, Applications, and Characterization , 2005 .

[79]  W. A. Pledger,et al.  Thermolysis of hydrogen sulfide in a metal-membrane reactor , 1993 .

[80]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Catalytic Properties of Oxygen Semipermeable Perovskite-Type Ceramic Membrane Materials for Oxidative Coupling of Methane , 1996 .

[81]  K. Kawamura,et al.  Oxygen Permeation in ZrO[sub 2]-CeO[sub 2]-CaO for Application to Oxygen Separation from Thermally Decomposed H[sub 2]O , 1997 .

[82]  S. G. Gul'yanova,et al.  The role of the adsorbed forms of hydrogen and oxygen in the reaction of oxygen-containing one-carbon molecules on membrane catalysts , 1989 .

[83]  R. Govind,et al.  Development of a composite palladium membrane for selective hydrogen separation at high temperature , 1991 .

[84]  G. Marnellos,et al.  Synthesis of Ammonia at Atmospheric Pressure with the Use of Solid State Proton Conductors , 2000 .

[85]  Takao Inoue,et al.  A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using an Exothermic Reaction as the Heat Source , 2001 .

[86]  J. N. Michaels,et al.  Kinetics of vapor-phase electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene , 1984 .

[87]  M. Gryaznov.  Platinum Metals as Components of Catalyst-Membrane Systems , 1992, Platinum Metals Review.

[88]  H. Iwahara,et al.  Application of hydrogen sensor using proton conductive ceramics as a solid electrolyte to aluminum casting industries , 1995 .

[89]  G. Alberti.  Inorgano-organic proton conducting membranes for fuel cells and sensors at medium temperatures , 2000 .

[90]  L. A. Jarr,et al.  Application of Ceramic Membranes in Advanced Coal-based Power Generation Systems , 1990 .

[91]  N. Itoh,et al.  Application of a membrane reactor system to thermal decomposition of CO2 , 1993 .

[92]  D. Fino,et al.  Inorganic membrane reactors , 1998 .

[93]  W. A. Pledger,et al.  Thermolysis of hydrogen sulfide in a metalmembrane reactor , 1993 .

[94]  Raymond J. Gorte,et al.  Direct Oxidation of Liquid Fuels in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell , 2001 .

[95]  A. Varma,et al.  Palladium composite membranes by electroless plating technique: Relationships between plating kinetics, film microstructure and membrane performance , 1999 .

[96]  Vito Specchia,et al.  Catalytic inorganic membrane reactors: present experience and future opportunities , 1994 .

[97]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Oxygen permeation and oxidative coupling of methane in yttria doped bismuth oxide membrane reactor , 2000 .

[98]  Michael Stoukides,et al.  Solid-Electrolyte Membrane Reactors: Current Experience and Future Outlook , 2000 .

[99]  G. Gavalas,et al.  Catalytic isobutane dehydrogenation in a dense silica membrane reactor , 1993 .

[100]  H. Iwahara,et al.  High Temperature Solid Electrolyte Fuel Cells Using Perovskite‐Type Oxide Based on BaCeO3 , 1990 .

[101]  M. Stoukides,et al.  Modelling of equilibrium limited hydrogenation reactions carried out in H+ conducting solid oxide membrane reactors , 1996 .

[102]  Suttichai Assabumrungrat,et al.  The effect of direction of hydrogen permeation on the rate through a composite palladium membrane , 2000 .

[103]  Junichiro Mizusaki,et al.  Measurement of oxygen permeability in CeO2 doped CSZ , 1995 .

[104]  Said S.E.H. Elnashaie,et al.  A fluidized bed membrane reactor for the steam reforming of methane , 1991 .

[105]  D. Eng,et al.  Solid electrolyte aided direct coupling of methane , 1993 .

[106]  J. R. Jurado,et al.  Preparation and electrical properties of oxygen ion conductors in the Bi2O3−Y2O3 (Er2O3) systems , 1988 .

[107]  Geert Versteeg,et al.  Current hurdles to the success of high temperature membrane reactorS , 1994 .

[108]  Weiqiang Liang,et al.  The effect of carbon monoxide and steam on the hydrogen permeability of a Pd/stainless steel membrane , 2000 .

[109]  H. Verweij,et al.  Oxygen permeation through oxygen ion oxide-noble metal dual phase composites , 1996 .

[110]  A. Katsaounis,et al.  High-Pressure Electrochemical Promotion of Ammonia Synthesis over an Industrial Iron Catalyst , 2000 .

[111]  R. Dittmeyer,et al.  CVD preparation of catalytic membranes for reduction of nitrates in water , 2001 .

[112]  J. Armor.  Challenges in Membrane Catalysis , 1993 .

[113]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Fabrication of ultrathin metallic membranes on ceramic supports by sputter deposition , 1995 .

[114]  X. Qi.  Electrical conduction and hydrogen permeation through mixed proton–electron conducting strontium cerate membranes , 2000 .

[115]  Hideaki Maeda,et al.  Preparation of palladium-silver alloy membranes for hydrogen separation by the spray pyrolysis method , 1993 .

[116]  D. Eng,et al.  Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Methane Oxidation with Solid Gxide Membranes , 1991 .

[117]  H. Nagamoto,et al.  A REACTOR WITH CATALYTIC MEMBRANE PERMEATED BY HYDROGEN , 1985 .

[118]  N. Sato,et al.  Membrane Reactor Using Microporous Glass-supported Thin Film of Palladium. Application to the Water Gas Shift Reaction , 1989 .

[119]  T. Hibino,et al.  Electrochemical Hydrogen Permeation in a Proton‐Hole Mixed Conductor and Its Application to a Membrane Reactor , 1994 .

[120]  T. Matsuda,et al.  Hydrogen permeable palladium-silver alloy membrane supported on porous ceramics , 1991 .

[121]  K. Salama,et al.  Effect of microstructure on oxygen permeation in SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3−δ , 1999 .

[122]  S. Nam,et al.  Preparation of a palladium alloy composite membrane supported in a porous stainless steel by vacuum electrodeposition , 1999 .

[123]  P. Pacey,et al.  Mechanism of Oxygen Permeation Through Lime‐Stabilized Zirconia , 1985 .

[124]  A. Burggraaf,et al.  Reactor studies using alumina separation membranes for the dehydrogenation of methanol and n-butane , 1991 .

[125]  Y. S. Lin,et al.  Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of yttria stabilized zirconia membranes , 1998 .

[126]  Y. Ukyo,et al.  Reduction of nitrogen oxide by steam electrolysis cell using a protonic conductor SrZr0.9Yb0.1O3-α and the catalyst Sr/Al2O3 , 2000 .

[127]  Henricus J.M. Bouwmeester,et al.  Influence of order-disorder transitions on oxygen permeability through selected nonstoichiometric perovskite-type oxides , 1993 .

[128]  M. Anderson,et al.  Experimental studies of the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using a membrane reactor , 1993 .

[129]  T. Hibino,et al.  Oxidative coupling of CH4 using alkali-metal ion conductors as a solid electrolyte , 1996 .

[130]  Anil V. Virkar,et al.  A High Performance, Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Operating on Direct Alcohol , 2001 .

[131]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Partial oxidation of methane to formaldehyde with 50% yield in a continuous recycle reactor separator (CRRS) , 2001 .

[132]  D. Eng,et al.  Methane oxidative coupling : technical and economic evaluation of a chemical cogenerative fuel cell , 1995 .

[133]  C. Jun.  Palladium and palladium alloy composite membranes prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method (cold-wall) , 2000 .

[134]  N. Sato,et al.  A Palladium/Porous-Glass Composite Membrane for Hydrogen Separation , 1988 .

[135]  C. Vayenas,et al.  Electrochemical Promotion of Ethylene Oxidation on Pt Catalyst Films Deposited on CeO2 , 1998 .

[136]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Fabrication of thin metallic membranes by MOCVD and sputtering , 1997 .

[137]  A. Jacobson,et al.  Oxygen permeation studies of SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3 − δ , 1995 .

[138]  T. Kojima,et al.  Preparation of highly permeable membranes for hydrogen separation using a CVD technique , 1994 .